53 pages • 1 hour read
William FaulknerA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section discusses depictions of graphic violence and suicide.
A Fable is set in an unnamed town in France during World War I. On a Wednesday in late May of 1918, the townspeople pour into the streets at dawn and form a silent mass. A regiment was formed from the people of this town. This regiment has fought in the war for years and every townsperson knows or is related to someone who has been in the regiment. The townspeople pass the unmoving cavalrymen as the French, British, and American flags are raised in the town square. The sergeant-major of the cavalry can do nothing as the crowd passes. He leads his horse through the “human river” of the crowd. A battalion of infantry appears behind the crowd, led by a tank, which parts the crowd. The infantry clears a path along the main boulevard.
The sergeant orders his men to pick up a “thin and poorly dressed” (7) woman who fainted in the street. She is offered a piece of soiled bread, but she refuses it. Eventually, she cannot deny her hunger, and she devours it. A tall, unblemished man with an innocent voice speaks. His voice arrests the sergeant, making him feel suddenly like an alien. The man explains that an entire regiment has refused to leave their trench and cross no-man’s land toward the enemy. To everyone’s surprise, the Germans did not attack. The man hands papers to the sergeant and speaks about the strange silence of a battlefield where the soldiers have refused to fight. General Gragnon is bringing the entire regiment to this town to ask permission from the Generalissimo “to let him shoot them” (12).
They are interrupted by the sound of a motorcade entering the city. In the cars are three generals: the Generalissimo and his American and British equivalents. They are followed by trucks containing the men from the regiment that refused to fight. As they pass the generals, the men in the truck yell. The crowd yell as well as the final truck approaches. The final truck contains 13 men, “chained to one another and to the lorry itself like wild beasts” (16). Four of the 13 men are foreigners and the crowd shouts angrily at one of these four men in particular. He is a corporal who watches the crowd attentively and makes eye contact with the generals. As the truck passes, the woman who was given bread chases after it but cannot get through the crowd. Frustrated, she spits the half-chewed bread at the sergeant who is already running into the crowd. The entire crowd follows the trucks and the woman is left behind the crowd alone on the street.
The narrative returns to the day the men refused to attack. General Charles Gragnon is given the choice whether “to accept or refuse to command the attack” (20). He feels as though he has been chosen by fate to be the perfect soldier. After being raised in an orphanage, he joined the Army and quickly gained promotion through the ranks until—two years before—his destiny inexplicably seemed to slow down. He is asked by corps commander Lallemont to lead an attack which, in his expertise, Gragnon realizes is “intended to fail” (23). He understands that Lallemont intends to sacrifice these men to save his own position. Then, he realizes that he has no choice but to accept because he has nowhere to go. He selects a regiment, and when he watches over the attack, however, he looks up at the battlefield to survey his troops and sees nothing. In his trenches, officers and non-commissioned officers (N.C.O.s) are gesticulating and shouting at the men who have not advanced toward the enemy trenches. Gragnon understands what has happened. He wonders whether he should just wait for the enemy to attack him, thereby killing his mutinous troops and removing his problem for him.
Lallemont arrives in a car to collect Gragnon, who wants permission from General Bidet to execute the 3,000 mutinous men. Lallemont assures Gragnon that he is not to blame for the failed attack, as “it’s simple nameless war which decimates our ranks” (30). The rest of the front has fallen eerily quiet. They arrive at the command center in a nearby chateau, where American and British commands are also present. Gragnon makes “his formal request for permission to have the whole regiment executed” (34). The group commander assures him that “it has ceased to matter” (35) whether the men are executed. He sends Gragnon back to his quarters to await a summons. Instead, Gragnon asks to be taken to the front line even though the regiment will likely already have been disbanded. He asks the car to stop, as he is struck by the sudden silence. Fearing the “unbearable golden silence” (37), he tells the driver to continue. An artillery major is standing by waiting for orders. In the distance, an artillery battery fires a salvo, quickly followed by another.
Gragnon enters the brigade’s headquarters in the cellar of a ruined farm. An aide tells him that the whole French front has been remanded while the artillery has been ordered to fire exclusively on no-man’s land. The German army, like the French, have not attacked. The enlisted men, he explains, have wholly refused to attack. Gragnon suggests that the men disobeying orders and the high command ignoring this disobedience is a personal attack on himself. He returns to division headquarters, located inside an appropriated country home. There, he finds a message from headquarters summoning him to a meeting on Wednesday. Inside his aide’s room is a chest. Inside the chest is a collection of writing by a now-dead aide who wanted a way to make himself a hero. There is also a book from which the dead aide hoped to learn about heroism and glory. Gragnon reads the book while the lights are lit, and food is brought to him. He falls asleep while reading.
When he wakes and goes to the headquarters and finds the group commander in “in his flannel nightshirt and cap in the gaudy bed” (52). Gragnon tries to offer his written resignation, but the group commander burns it over a candle and insists that he attend the meeting at headquarters. War and conflict are inevitable, the group commander explains, until the “rank and file” (54) men learn to abandon concepts like nationalism and patriotism. Gragnon must be punished, he says, so that the rank-and-file men do not learn that they have the power to stop the war. He says that Gragnon’s fate will be glorious.
The plot of A Fable unfurls in a non-linear fashion. Each chapter title refers the audience to the specific day of the week of which the action in the chapter takes place. Though the temporary peace takes place on a Monday, the plot begins with the aftermath and the panic of the officers and the townspeople. This non-linear approach has the effect of introducing the audience to the scene at a moment of discombobulation. Rather than beginning with the tail end of four years of brutal warfare, the novel begins in the brief, confusing outbreak of peace which must quickly be eradicated for the status quo to resume. The plot begins in medias res, so that the corporal who inspired the peace is only glimpsed in a passing truck. The non-linear distancing of the corporal from the plot and from the audience creates an air of mystery around him. At this stage, his allegorical Christ-like status is not apparent. The mysterious corporal remains enigmatic, even as the week reaches the midway point. The corporal is not portrayed, but the non-linear structure of the novel thrusts the audience immediately into the chaos that the corporal has inspired, already inflating the corporal’s role within the narrative. This build-up of the corporal’s importance sets the stage for the novel’s theme of Myth and Glory as he becomes a heroic figure in the context of bringing peace to the front.
Rather than beginning the novel with one character, the first chapter focuses largely on the crowd. The townspeople function almost like a singular mass in A Fable and they are inspired and motivated by the same ideas. Since everyone in the crowd has lost someone important to the way, since many still have relatives among the 3,000 people who refused to fight, the 13 mutineers are a focus for the crowd’s confusion and latent anger. The trauma and anger which has built up over the years must be vented, so the crowd moves as one through the streets and then to the prison camp as a way to physically express this frustration. The crowd dissipates just as quickly, however, when they realize that they have no understanding of what is happening or whether they have an authentic target for their anger. The meandering, desperate crowd signifies the frustration of the civilians who are subjected to all the violence of total war with none of its supposed glory.
One of the first characters named in the novel is Gragnon. He is a general but not among the top-ranking officials. When the peace first broke out, he was the officer in command of the 3,000 men. His pride is wounded by the failed attack and his demand for all 3,000 men to be executed is less to do with military policy than it is a lust for vengeance. Unlike the other generals, he is emotional and personally invested in the acts of the enlisted men. Through his emotional outburst, he demonstrates why he is not yet ready to join the upper echelons of the officer corps. He is too emotional and not yet dispassionate enough to rise through the ranks. The other generals order the deaths of many thousands of men each day, but they do so in the name of war and glory rather than personal injury. This difference from the generals is a foreshadowing of Gragnon’s fate. He will be sacrificed by the high command as a way to stop the peace spreading. The irony of Gragnon’s fate is that the man who called for thousands to be executed in public is quietly killed by his ranking officers. In his loud calls to dispose of his own soldiers, he becomes expendable to the commanders above him.
By William Faulkner
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