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56 pages 1 hour read

Justin Torres

Blackouts

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2023

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Part 3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 3: “The Kinship”

Part 3, Pages 117-132 Summary

A clipping titled “Psychopathologic Reaction Patterns in the Antilles Command” has bylines by three officers in the Medical or Medical Service Corps of the US Army Reserves. It discusses “striking psychopathologic reaction [patterns]” in Puerto Rican personnel of the Antilles Command (117).

Juan discusses the inclusion of “homosexuality” in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980. The amendment characterizes “ego-dystonic homosexuality” as a disorder, and Juan frames the criteria regarding “persistent distress from a sustained pattern of unwanted homosexual arousal” (118) as a trick—considering a person would struggle to view gay desire as positive if the concept is demonized. Despite lacking historical knowledge, Nene knows the effects of pathologizing gayness, given he himself was placed in a psychiatric hospital for his sexuality. Juan asks whether or not he ever thought himself “crazy,” referencing Nene’s attempted suicide. He then cites his original diagnosis in the 1950s—“Puerto Rican Syndrome” or ataques de nervios (literally, an “attack of nerves”)—which Nene initially takes to be a joke.

A clipping with the header “PATTERNS OF REACTION” discusses “Puerto Rican Syndrome,” which includes seizure-like loss of bodily control, aggressiveness, and/or “complete flaccidity.” The report from Rodriguez Army Hospital comments on the “special privileges” granted to patients who have such attacks.

Young Juan became transfixed by visual stimuli, which led to ataques experienced by several members of his family. He lists several stimuli that led to his ataques, commenting on these descriptions’ insufficiency.

Juan witnessed his oldest sister’s first ataque, violent seizures that contrast with his own catatonia-like symptoms. He recalls his parents’ attentive care for his sister. He longs for this care, which his present self struggles to put into words.

A clipping describes how patients experience “episodic crises” while under great stress: They are often over-diagnosed when examined by medical practitioners from other cultures. The clipping implies the patients derive “secondary gains” that prevent them from being willing to recover.

At Juan’s prompting, Nene recounts his thoughts during his attempted suicide, citing embarrassment and dread. When Juan asks if he felt the pills would “cure” him, Nene counters he wanted to “make it easier to live in an uncomfortable world” (126). Juan urges him to think of the broader pathologization of minority groups, citing Sex Variants as following the 1920’s “Pansy Craze” and increased Puerto Rican migration to New York—shortly before the creation of “Puerto Rican Syndrome.” He calls the majority’s reaction to this increase of Puerto Rican immigrants “Colonizer Syndrome,” and implies it at least led him to Nene.

A clipping describes “pseudosuicidal attempts” made in a “dramatic fashion,” referring exclusively to male patients.

Juan discusses his father’s view of the family’s ataques as spiritual, and compares Nene to a spirit seeking help. Juan claims the ataques helped him twice, disqualifying him from military service and leading him to be found by Zhenya.

In the foreground of a photograph, two Latino men look at the camera. Beside them, a boy looks at a cart of flowers with his back turned. In the background, a crowd wanders the street.

Part 3, Pages 132-142 Summary

Young Juan becomes a model for Zhenya’s illustrations, often posing at her and Jan’s home.

Nene asks about a chair in which young Juan posed, and Juan teases him about his “strange little fetish” about chairs (132). Juan calls Zhenya and Jan both strange and familiar, being two of the few who accepted his femininity.

A photograph labeled “Zhenya Gay [redacted] with the original ‘Manuelito’” (134) shows Zhenya, a young boy, and a woman with her face blacked out standing in front of an overgrown garden wall.

Young Juan encounters Zhenya imitating his habit of walking on his heels while humming to himself; Jan laughs at the display. Juan is uncertain if he is being mocked until Jan joins the walking and the three laugh together.

Juan goes to the rainforest with Zhenya and Jan. He admires the “regal” posture of Zhenya’s toad sketches.

A clipping describes dissociation as a “pattern of reaction” of Puerto Rican Syndrome (137).

While Juan sleeps, Nene feels for his missing golden crucifix necklace, which he uncharacteristically kept for nearly 10 years. He frequently loses objects, which he attributes to being a “chronic loser” after reading a book by Anna Freud (Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalyst daughter), recommended by Juan. He recalls his lost objects and concludes “a life itself might be misplaced” (138).

Juan frames Nene’s attachment to the crucifix as a fetish, likening it to his obsession with unusual chairs and the policeman who helped his mother.

Nene recalls how his father’s promotion to state trooper (narcotics) necessitated him performing the role of a gangster, meditating on the rare, uncanny experience of seeing him don this “costume.” Young Nene longs to know his mercurial father and is fascinated by his father’s crucifix, which he is forbidden from touching.

Juan interrupts to posit that “something happened,” then insists Nene tell the story in the “present tense.”

Part 3, Pages 143-156 Summary

In Nene’s present-tense flashback, his family drives for six hours to visit extended family in Brooklyn. He is self-conscious, desiring to play with his younger cousins but feeling too old to do so. A “beautiful” man arrives, wearing a t-shirt that spoofs the Trix cereal slogan using an anti-gay slur. Though he doesn’t know how to articulate the thought, Nene knows anti-gay sentiment affects him personally. He stares at a crucifix to avoid looking at the beautiful man.

A photograph, with the handwritten caption “over,” shows two men on a beach. One wears a speedo and a crucifix. He bends one knee against a boulder, against which the second man, wearing a t-shirt and a camera, leans. Their eyes are blacked out.

In the present, Juan claims fetishization helps organize diametric emotions surrounding something. Nene is uncertain; his past self focused on his parents’ divorce and growing alienation. He later moved to the city and was mugged.

Nene flashbacks to September 1998, when a young mugger with a knife accosted him and a friend. He doesn’t recall how they got away, aside from showing the mugger that they had nothing worth stealing.

Days after the mugging, Nene finds the crucifix in his belongings and pushes away memories of Juan to focus on post-psychiatric hospital life. He dons the necklace and doesn’t remove it for years, wearing clothing to accentuate it. He begins finding sexual partners.

In the present, a tired Juan struggles to remember a biblical quote, then asks Nene to continue his story the following day. Nene counters that Juan promised to tell a “proper story.”

Nene sorts through Juan’s books, finding those illustrated by Zhenya. He reads Oscar Wilde’s The Ballad of Reading Gaol, and Juan urges him to find Zhenya’s Who’s Afraid? while considering “an underground queer bar, pre-Stonewall” (150). They banter about the nursery rhyme “Cock Robin.”

A two-page illustrated spread shows a young boy at a watering hole, covering his face. From behind trees and in a river, various animals peek out to watch him.

In Who’s Afraid?, animals at a local watering hole tease Lion, who insists he fears nothing.

Juan interprets the animals as different figures at an underground gay bar, where any new arrival is feared to be an undercover policeman. He traces the term “coming out” to debutante culture, highlighting its relevance to both Black and Southern white high society. He quotes the Karl Marx slogan “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” (153) to describe the sociality of the animals welcoming the human boy.

An illustration shows a giraffe peering around a tree to look at the boy.

The animals help return the boy to his family, who believe he was stolen. Fearing punishment, the animals eventually send the boy alone. When he returns home, he signals his arrival with a hyena’s laugh, which is linked to a stereotypically gay laugh.

Part 3 Analysis

Part 3’s discussion of “Puerto Rican Syndrome” or ataques de nervios (literally, an “attack of nerves”) orients the legibility of distress—and the violence that often comes when one’s distress is deemed socially unacceptable. Various attitudes toward the supposed syndrome (which was introduced in the DSM IV and classified as a “culture-bound condition” in the DSM V) are presented in the novel, each with an accompanying methodology for how to react. The least pathologizing of these methodologies is Juan’s father’s—“transmitted” through Juan’s recollection of him. For Juan’s father, the ataques are spiritual. In other words, he doesn’t believe they are grounded in medicine. In this first framework, no medical treatment is required for the ataques, as there is nothing wrong with the ataques themselves.

Juan’s own recounting of “Puerto Rican Syndrome” is similarly tempered with disbelief: Though he experiences fugues, his discussion of the inclusion of gay sexual orientation in the DSM implies he considers his sexuality a more likely reason for his commitment to a psychiatric hospital than the ataques. While he does not reject the existence of the syndrome, he characterizes it as an excuse for medical racism. This second framework is political, and thus demands a political response: Juan names the majority’s fear of minority groups as “Colonizer Syndrome.” Though narratively powerful, his reversal of pathology—that which claims people like him and Nene have maladaptive conditions—is more symbolic than practical.

Medical clippings offer a third framework for “Puerto Rican Syndrome.” The medical report writers use an authoritative tone that masks but does not erase their derision for Puerto Rican patients: Their repeated references to “benefits” imply these patients’ symptoms are feigned. The name of the syndrome itself is racist and ableist, implying those who experience it do not want to get better out of supposed laziness or manipulativeness. The complete report thus depends on racist assumptions to generate racist conclusions. One clipping’s framing of “pseudosuicidal attempts” as “dramatic” also genders the syndrome, with “dramatics” being portrayed as a failure in masculinity as per anti-gay stereotypes. The use of “pseudo” dismisses patients’ pain, with further dismissal of “dramatics” perpetuating the harmful idea that “real” men are unfeeling. These comments are made under the guise of professionalism, which, according to legal scholar Leah Goodridge, is a racial construct (Goodridge, Leah. “Professionalism as a Racial Construct - UCLA Law Review.” UCLA Law Review, 29 Mar. 2022). The clippings include their writers’ names to further deconstruct the cold, rigid idea of professionalism—this act of citation being used to call them out while many in Sex Variants remain nameless due to dehumanization. Overall, the three frameworks reinforce the themes of (In)Complete Narratives and Quotations and Intertextuality in Queer History-Making.

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