46 pages • 1 hour read
Thrity UmrigarA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
This chapter is the first of Meena’s first-person monologues, written in italics. She considers her husband, Abdul’s, death and her fear of filing a court case against her brothers. Castes are clearly demarcated in her Hindu village: Meena considers herself inferior and, at the time of filing, wanted to sit below the police officers present. However, her lawyer, Anjali, insisted she sit on a chair at the same level as the police. Her life as a woman has been difficult and full of mistreatment. Meena also reveals that she was pregnant at the time of Abdul’s death.
Meena speaks of her husband, Abdul, who was a good man. He saw their relationship as a sign of potential peace between Muslim and Hindu people. He had planned to move the family to Mumbai for a better life—however, men like Meena’s brothers saw her relationship and pregnancy as shameful. As for Smita, she compares her comfortable life in Brooklyn, where she worries about microaggressions, to Meena’s suffering. She is having difficulty maintaining a professional distance from Meena’s story and spoke to her editor about covering it more intimately. While she and Meena talk in the latter’s home, a Muslim village, Mohan charms Meena’s cold mother-in-law; he also gives her money, which Smita knows is unprofessional. She reminds herself that Mohan is not obligated to help and that she might have lost access to Meena without him. Meena is upset that Smita will also talk to her brothers. She reveals that the family conflict started when she and her younger sister, Radha, got factory jobs and made more money than their brothers; they give their salaries to their eldest brother.
After Smita leaves, Meena remembers her brothers’ fire and how Abdul’s brother, Kabir, saved her life and then fled to Mumbai to save his own. When Shannon started to cover her story, Meena’s neighbors claimed they were home or watching television when her attackers marched in the streets. Meena sympathizes with her sister, Radha, who also helped her elope and was punished by marriage to an older, infirm man.
Mohan wants to talk about his and Smita’s meeting with Meena, but Smita wants to be left alone. This leads to them bickering. Mohan feels obligated to apologize for India because he now sees it through Smita’s eyes; in turn, she apologizes. They begin to laugh hysterically out of emotions and exhaustion. Smita also feels implicated in the contradictions of India, as it is her homeland too. Anjali calls to tell the pair to expect the trial verdict in two days, so they decide to meet Meena’s brothers and Rupal, the head of the village council, tomorrow. Smita claims she thinks of Mohan like a brother, denying her growing feelings for him.
In Meena’s monologue, she recalls how she and her sister, Radha, were told they were making their brothers eunuchs with their factory jobs, as the villagers laughed at them and told them to discipline the sisters. Rupal claimed he could perform magic on the sisters and that they would turn into men by working with men. Meena recalls meeting Abdul at the local factory, which Radha insisted she and Meena work for. Radha said nothing would stop her, not her brothers nor the leader of India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Meena thinks of traditions like eggs, as once they are broken, they cannot be placed back in their shells.
Smita and Mohan talk of their romantic pasts and the need to remain dispassionate when they interview Meena’s brothers. Smita recounts her first difficult story, interviewing men who had planned to beat a gay man to death. However, Meena’s story has touched her in a different way, making her feel complicit—both American and Indian, victim and survivor. She cannot explain this dichotomy to Mohan without revealing her past. Smita misses New York and its relative silence compared to India. She remembers her Auntie and Auntie’s son, who did not like or defend each other. She compares them to her parents and realizes they were the minority who would stand against the tide.
Smita and Mohan visit Meena’s brothers, who proclaim innocence but also contradict themselves. They believe they are victims, as their sisters broke tradition. Smita is able to draw on her professional experience and remain dispassionate, but Mohan loses his temper. She thinks the translator, Nandini, could have been more professional. She decides to visit Rupal right away.
In Meena’s monologue, she describes the world as changing from green and brown to blue and black. Every night, her deceased husband, Abdul, visits and drains her hatred. She recounts their love story: After meeting at the factory, Meena and Abdul snuck glances at each other, and he followed her home. She hid this information from Radha, as she had a temper. One day, Radha was sick, and Meena went to work alone. This gave Abdul a chance to present her with a gift of mangos. She remembers a visiting Christian priest’s story of Adam and Eve and wishes she had never taken a bite of the mangos.
Rupal is an arrogant man who claims to see the past and future and admits he advised Meena’s brothers to burn Meena and Abdul alive. He notified the chief of police, his cousin, of the plan so that his officers would not respond to the fire. He realizes Mohan is making fun of him and becomes annoyed. Rupal tells Mohan and Smita that he has to leave for a meeting and denies Smita’s request to attend since women are not allowed. He also warns them to leave the village before dark, as no one will talk to them without his permission. He also retracts his admission of advising Meena’s brothers, telling Smita not to publish it since farmers like him are “ignorant” of such things.
Part 2 introduces Meena’s interior monologues. They are written in italics to differentiate them from the rest of the novel, which is told by an omniscient third-person narrator who speaks primarily from Smita’s point of view. This gives the reader a much deeper understanding of and access to Meena as a character, dissolving the distance that is maintained through the use of a third person, even when told from one character’s point of view. Meena is what the critic Gayatri Spivak and other postcolonial scholars would call a subaltern, meaning those of lower social classes who are the marginalized “other” and are often not allowed to represent themselves truthfully in the culture at large (such as in media). In her famous article on the subject entitled “Can the Subaltern Speak?” Spivak argues that the marginalized “other” is often constructed as silent or absent, spoken for by those in power. Meena is female, poor, and illiterate but empowered through her own storytelling. These lengthy monologues allow the readers to see her as a complex person, not just a passive victim of violence and plot device. The animosity between Hindu and Muslim people, as illustrated by Meena’s tragic marriage, reveals the legacy of the Partition. Communal violence is inflicted on Meena’s family: Her husband Abdul was killed, and their daughter, Abru, is so traumatized that she is mute. Her brothers’ fire left scars on her own face, “a map created by a brutal, misogynistic cartographer” (69). Abru is half Hindu and half Muslim, a child whom her father hopes will symbolize a new Hindustan—reinforcing the theme of Old India/New India. However, while Abdul dreamed of his child becoming an “ambassador” of a new nation, bigoted men like Meena’s brothers and Rupal respond with hatred.
Many religions value purity in the form of food regulations. Muslim people only eat halal meat, while Hindu people follow a stricter code—with those of higher classes being unable to consume food prepared by those of lower classes. For example, Meena worries that Smita will not drink water offered by a Muslim household, as she assumes Smita is of a higher class. Hinduism’s caste system creates hierarchies that are not present in Islam, which states all Muslim people are equal. Rupal, a man in power, weaponizes hierarchy and nepotism, threatening to punish Meena and Radha with magic and lack of police. Patriarchal beliefs often override respect toward women: For example, Meena’s brothers’ love for her and Radha ended when they strayed from hierarchy by taking factory jobs. Meena herself has internalized such hierarchies and often tries to sit below those she believes are superior. Yet she and Radha disobeyed their brothers, with Meena doing so out of love. When she ran away to marry Abdul, her brothers’ pride was wounded, prompting their honor killing of Abdul. To them, her marriage to a Muslim man “shamed” not only herself but also her family—reinforcing the theme of Izzat (Honor) and Patriarchy in the Indian Subcontinent.
This section establishes a connection between Meena and Smita, as they both suffer from loneliness. Both initially resist their respective partners: Meena eventually returns Abdul’s love after some flirtation, while Smita resists Mohan until the end of the novel. Smita tries to convince herself that Mohan is like a brother, as she dislikes parsing emotions. As for Meena’s daughter, Abru, she and Smita are both “hybrids” in that Smita exhibits the theme of Family Dynamics and Secrets and is later revealed to have been born Muslim. As of now, Smita is a “hybrid” in that she is Indian American, someone who embodies two worlds and starts to feel complicit in Meena’s story.
By Thrity Umrigar
Asian American & Pacific Islander...
View Collection
Books on Justice & Injustice
View Collection
Books that Feature the Theme of...
View Collection
Class
View Collection
Class
View Collection
Colonialism & Postcolonialism
View Collection
Community
View Collection
Family
View Collection
Fear
View Collection
Grief
View Collection
Hate & Anger
View Collection
Loyalty & Betrayal
View Collection
Memory
View Collection
Popular Book Club Picks
View Collection
Popular Study Guides
View Collection
Pride & Shame
View Collection
Reese Witherspoon's Hello Sunshine...
View Collection
Safety & Danger
View Collection
Valentine's Day Reads: The Theme of Love
View Collection