39 pages • 1 hour read
John BarthA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
This story undermines the notion of autobiography, not chronicling events in a person’s life and, rather, exploring what it means to have consciousness. The story suggests the narrator lives despite having a Father who tried to turn him off. Barth wants readers to wonder if the story is literal or figurative.
Another self-reflexive story, the first sentence may or may not be addressed to the reader. “You wholisten give me life in a manner of speaking” (33). This self-examination sets the tone and continues through the entire story: “My first words weren’t my first words. I wish I’d begun differently” (33). The narrator probes his dissatisfaction, asking, “are you there? If I’m so blind and dead to you, or you are me, or both’re both. One may be imaginary; […] I hope I’m a fiction without real hope. Where there’s voice there’s a speaker” (33). We’re left to wonder who the narrator addresses. It’s possible he is addressing himself. This identity game is Barth’s goal. The narrator says it’s possible his Mother was a novel device created by his father “when he found himself by himself with his pointless pen” (34). This points to the title, which suggests this story is simply something written, entirely imagined, and not autobiography.
The most we learn about the narrator’s life is he “was spawned not long since in an American state […] Grew in no worse. Persist in a representative. Prohibition, Depression, Radicalism, Decadence […] It’s alleged, now, that Mother was a mere passing fancy” (34). We receive this information after the narrator promises exposition, further undermining the traditional narrative method of storytelling. It’s comic when the narrator says: “Nothing lasts longer than a mood. Dad’s infatuation passed; I remained” (34), when describing his parents’ relationship. The story wants us to ask: besides our daily activities, what is life, on a deeper level?
As “Autobiography” streams towards its close, the narrator casts narrative doubt on his existence: “I perceive that I have no body […] I’ve been speaking of myself without delight or alternative as self-consciousness pure and sour […] I’m not aware of myself at all […] I don’t think […] I know what I’m talking about (35). The narrator recalls past thoughts of immortality and calls himself a crippled-hero who falls short of his parents’ ambitions. In the end, he says it’s nonsense, and that he might still be in utero, or a coffin, undermining any traditional idea of autobiography.
Here, schoolboy neighborhood games rise to epic proportions. Now school-aged, Ambrose returns, as we explore Ambrose’ fears of being bullied on the walk home from school. Later, we follow Ambrose’s sandlot gang, the Occult Order of the Sphinx. Early in “Water-Message,” Ambrose hears a bee buzzing at his ear and runs home from school crying. Months later, Ambrose, his brother Peter, and the other Sphinxesdiscover an older teenager boy and girl in their clubhouse—called the Den. By story’s end, Ambrose imagines kissing her. He finds a blank love note in a bottle. The most traditional story so far, the blank note in “Water-Message” carries Barth’s metaphysical torch forward.
This time we meet Ambrose’s friends in East Dorset. If Ambrose is without Peter on the way home, Ambrose fears his classmates’ shenanigans. Ambrose nicknames empty lots he passes Scylla and Charybdis, alluding to a story in The Odyssey that represents a choice between two evils. This evidences Barth’s intention to establish the personal as mythical: Ambrose’s journey home from school becomes mythic. That day, Ambrose tells his mom she raised a sissy. That afternoon, he listens to classical music: “He was Odysseus steering under anvil clouds” (43). Music “bore [Ambrose] transfigured from the hall, beyond East Dorset, aloft to the stars” (44).
Months later, in spring, the Sphinxes head to their Den in the Jungle. Named by Ambrose, the Jungle is “in fact a grove of honey locusts, in an area no larger than a schoolyard, bounded on two of its inland sides by Erdmann’s cornlot and on the third by the East Dorset dump […] made mysterious by rank creepers […] and by a labyrinth of intersecting footpaths” (46). The kids transform their surroundings using imagination and through stories, creating myths. Chancing upon the kissing couple launches more shenanigans. The older Sphinxes meet that day, and too young to join, Ambrose and another brother toss pine sticks, like skipping rocks, into the water at the nearby beach, then throw oyster shells at each other. Ambrose imagines he was the boy kissing Peggy Robbins: “Tenderly together they rehearsed the secrets; long they lingered in the Sphinx’s Den; then he bore her from the jungle, lovingly to the beach, into the water” (50). Finally, Ambrose and the boy find a bottle with a note inside, but water blots the words. Barth leaves us to ponder this image of love.
Written as a letter to the King of Bangkok, in “Petition,” an unnamed narrator who is a Siamese twin and connected belly to rear to his brother, petitions for help finding a doctor to surgically separate them. The narrator’s brother’s marriage to Thalia is driving the narrator insane, threatening his identity. “Petition” can be read as a metaphor for the tension between id (the brother), and ego (the narrator). Another non-traditional story, we don’t learn of the marriage until the story’s final third.
The first two-thirds of the story details the brother’s opposing traits in great detail. The narrator is intelligent and creative, compared to his lusty, grunting front-half. “I; whose imagination encompasses Aristotle, Shakespeare, Bach” (59) is compared to the front-half, who “flies into a rage, shreds his doggerel […] quarrels with his “sweetheart” […] sulks in a corner for days” (59); “I am Anchises to his Aeneas […] I, lifelong victim of his beastliness, he calls the monkey on his back” (58). We learn how different each brother is after Barth spends the first few pages detailing the legend of Chang and Eng, the King’s ancestors, “veritable heavenly twins” (57) “bound heart to heart” (56), who managed “their happy marriage to a pair of sisters” (58). The King helped them.
The narrator believes Thalia permitted his brother “who grunted and salivated upon her night after night” (63) her love because she actually loves the narrator, both his mind and his charm. The narrator believes her love prompts Thalia’s New Year’s Day ultimatum that his brother pull himself together or else. That’s when his brother proposes. The brother thinks of Thalia as “his hope of redemption […] without her he was no better than a beast” (65). Here, Barth digs into the contrasts between the mind’s aesthetics and the body’s less attractive functions, furthering the story’s metaphor of one man’s struggle to unify these contrasting parts of himself.
Meanwhile, the narrator becomes convinced that, like him, there are two Thalias, “not one Thalia joined to another–but a Thalia within” (66). Here, Barth solidifies his metaphor, exploiting the setup of Siamese twins as a stand-in for id and ego, the lusty brother versus the thoughtful narrator. The real goal here is to merge these two parts of the self into one stronger whole: “To be one: paradise! To be two: bliss!” (68). Here, one person’s story contains epic qualities. The letter remains unsigned; Barth toys with the narrator’s identity.
As Lost in the Funhouse progresses, Barth further establishes his postmodernism. All three of these stories unfold along nontraditional lines. In each, we see personal stories steeped in mythological allusions, giving rise to epic qualities. Yet in each, Barth undermines the hero’s quest, as each digs into the metafictional, and what it means to be a person.
“Autobiography” chronicles no events in the unnamed narrator’s life. Like other stories, it calls attention to story’s artifice. The first sentence declares we who listen give the narrator life. Barth breaks the wall between fiction and reality, asking for reader participation to bring the story to life. Sentences later, the narrator questions existence: “I’m a fiction without real hope” (33). Barth also plays on the traditional narrative structure of a hero on a quest. Our narrator fears he’s not lived up to parental expectations. He says his “crippledness affords its own heroisms” (36). Barth wants to cripple the traditional hero’s arc.
“Water-Message” presents boyhood games as mythical. Early on, Ambrose and his fellow Sphinxes chance upon two young adults kissing in their clubhouse. At the end, Ambrose finds a bottle with a message that includes only a greeting and ending: other than those, it’s blank. Here, Barth signals towards the death of the traditional love story. This entire story is steeped in allusions to Greek mythology. Ambrose’s naming empty lots Scylla and Charybdis shows Barth’s wish to merge his characters’ everyday worlds with mythology, and not just satirize heroic love ideals.
In “Petition” the back-half of Siamese twins joined belly to rear–that may or may not in actuality be one person–writes a letter to the King of Bangkok. It’s important to ask why Barth chooses to create such a divided narrator to tell a story about love and longing. The story’s also about freedom, and the tension in each person as they try to become the more artful, thoughtful, person they are in their mind compared to the biological beast subjected to their body’s behaviors. The narrator wants to kill the lesser part of himself for love. But after the era of romance novels, Barth believes he needs to find a new way to tell this old story and dramatize misery. Here, Barth toys with the idea of man overcoming animal instinct, and his narrators can’t seem to avoid the theme of love.