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89 pages 2 hours read

Mark Twain

The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1893

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Chapters 16-19Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 16 Summary: "Sold Down the River"

Roxana arrives in St. Louis to find Tom desolate. She tells Tom she loves him. Roxy, wanting to help her son, suggests that Tom sell her as a slave for $600, then keep half the money for Roxy and use the other half to pay his debts. Tom agrees with this plan, and forges a bill of sale, but betrays his mother by selling her down the river to an Arkansas cotton planter rather than a local owner looking for house help. Tom soothes his conscience by vowing to buy Roxy back in a year, but Twain writes, "For a whole week he was not able to sleep well...but after that he began to get comfortable again, and was presently able to sleep like any other miscreant." (118)

Chapter 17 Summary: "The Judge Utters Dire Prophecy"

The twins' reputation suffers from mystery around the missing dagger, and Judge Driscoll campaigns against them in the election for aldermen, even ridiculing the twins and inferring that they are assassins: "He scoffed at them as adventurers, mountebanks, side-show riffraff, dime museum freaks; he assailed their showy titles with measureless derision..." (120) Judge Driscoll, desperate to believe that Tom is honorable, has turned on Luigi and Angelo.

Twain writes: "Wilson was elected, the twins were defeated—crushed, in fact, and left forlorn and substantially friendless. Tom went back to St. Louis happy." (121) Rather than leaving Dawson's Landing after losing the election, the twins simply remove themselves from social interaction: "The brothers withdrew entirely from society and nursed their humiliation in privacy. They avoided the people, and went out for exercise only late at night, when the streets were deserted." (121)

Chapter 18 Summary: "Roxana Commands"

Roxy reappears in St. Louis, and she confronts Tom with the reality of what he has done to her by selling her down the river where all her worst fears were realized. She tells Tom that when the overseer caught a young girl giving Roxy a potato to eat and began to beat the girl, Roxy knocked him out, stole his horse, and road to the river, where she stole a canoe and boarded a steamboat. The master of the cotton plantation is searching for her.

Tom is appalled that Roxy has put him in danger by coming to him at the boarding house, since the master threatened to hurt Tom if he helped Roxy evade capture. Roxy tries to problem solve, devising a plan for Tom to give $300 to the master so he will stop looking for her while Tom gets all of the money together to buy Roxy's freedom. Tom, however, decides that his best course of action is to steal money from his uncle to settle the whole affair.

Chapter 19 Summary: "The Prophecy Realized"

Luigi presses Judge Driscoll to have another duel, but Driscoll says he will not duel an assassin. When Wilson tells the Judge that the murder Luigi committed had been justified, Driscoll is unpersuaded. Wilson tells Luigi that the Judge is blind to Tom's faults because the Judge had no children of his own before gaining custody of Tom when Percy Driscoll died.

Tom puts on girl's clothing and blackens his face to steal from the Judge, but finds the Judge asleep on the sofa. As Tom reaches for the cashbox next to him, the Judge awakens and cries out. Tom stabs the Judge and throws the dagger across the room. He flees upstairs as the twins, who have taken to walking late at night to avoid encountering any townspeople because of the shame Tom and the Judge have caused them, respond to the cries for help by entering the house.

Tom sneaks down to the river, steals a canoe, and heads downstream, boarding a steamer back to St. Louis.

The twins are arrested for the murder and are sent to prison to await trial. Wilson examines the fingerprints from the dagger and declares the twins innocent, arguing that the motive for the murder was revenge, not robbery. Wilson scans his collection of fingerprints to find prints that match the dagger handle.

Chapters 16-19 Analysis

There is a tremendous amount of irony in these chapters. For instance, Roxy makes the ultimate sacrifice to help her son, who ends up selling her down the river—the exact fate Roxy feared, and which set the deception at the heart of the novel in motion. When Roxy escapes and needs his help, Tom refuses to inconvenience himself or put himself in danger on her behalf, despite knowing that Roxy risked dire consequences by switching the babies to save Tom. It is Roxy, as usual, who comes up with the plan to save them both, just as she did when Tom was a baby.

The story Roxy tells of her escape is not only a plot device that brings her back to St. Louis, it is also a poignant commentary on slavery, wherein small acts of human kindness are punished. Had the young girl in the story been older, she may well have decided that risking punishment by giving Roxy a potato was not in her best interest, but because she is young and naive, she tried to help her fellow slave. The sort of callous self-interest and self-preservation that Roxy exhibits, then, is a habit learned in the hell of slavery. The reader is able to sympathize with Roxy's plight. Tom, however, grew up privileged and has no such justification for how he behaves, and the reader knows it.

Meanwhile, Tom has suggested to the townspeople that the twins are liars by claiming that there is no stolen dagger, despite the fact that Tom himself stole the dagger. It is because of the shame Tom's lies have caused them that the twins are out walking at night and hear the Judge's cries for help. Tom is at the root of the twins' distress, yet the results of that distress will reveal Tom's evil actions.

Everyone who comes into contact with Tom suffers, but no one more so than Judge Driscoll, who pays with his life for being Tom's uncle. The Judge has been willfully blind to Tom's true character, refusing to believe that Tom is less than a gentleman, and even prepared to die in a duel in order to restore Tom's honor. In the end, though, there can be no restoration of honor because Tom is in no way honorable. The only question that remains is whether the Italian twins will pay the price for Tom's crime, or if at long last, Tom's lies will catch up with him.

Finally, it is ironic that Tom escapes Dawson's Landing in the exact same way that Roxy escaped her situation and returned to Dawson's Landing: an act of violence, followed by a quick escape via a stolen canoe and stowing away on a steamboat. The parallels between the mother and son cannot be denied, nor can the role the Mississippi River plays in facilitating all sorts of evils, from the slave trade to thieving, gambling, and furtive escapes.

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