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51 pages 1 hour read

E. L. Doctorow

Ragtime

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1975

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Part 2, Chapters 22-28Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2, Chapter 22 Summary

Mother’s Younger Brother wanders around New York City seeking fulfilment. One night, he happens upon Emma Goldman’s publishing offices for her magazine, Mother Earth. He stands outside gazing at the offices for several nights. One day, he is invited in. The Leftists initially believe he is a police spy and is “treated with elaborate irony” before Emma Goldman sees him and tells everybody he is welcome (167). Goldman and her friends bring Mother’s Younger Brother to the Cooper Union building downtown to an event supporting the Mexican Revolution. He stays all night waiting to speak with Emma Goldman. When they are finally alone, they discuss Evelyn. Emma shocks Mother’s Younger Brother by saying she is glad that they broke up, as Mother’s Younger Brother would have expected to marry, which would have destroyed both he and Evelyn. She tells Mother’s Younger Brother that he is better off without her: “‘Why can’t you accept your own freedom? Why do you have to cling to someone in order to live?’” (172). As Mother’s Younger Brother returns to New Rochelle by train, he watches the tracks fly by and considers committing suicide.

Part 2, Chapter 23 Summary

One Sunday, Coalhouse Walker drives through New York past the Emerald Isle Fireman Company. As he drives by, a group of firemen stop Walker and tell him that he must pay a toll to pass. Walker argues that this is a public through-way and that a toll is not required. Another group of firemen build a blockade in the street. Walker sees a couple of Black boys playing nearby and tells them to watch his car while he walks to the police station. Walker finds the police uncooperative. When he returns to the firehouse, the road is empty, and his Model T car is vandalized.

Walker confronts the Fire Chief, who denies that he ever requested a toll. As the firemen laugh at Walker, the police arrive. The officers urge Coalhouse to leave and forget the incident. Walker refuses and is arrested. He calls Father from jail, who rushes to the station and provides bail. Coalhouse explains the incident to the entire family. Mother and Mother’s Younger Brother are disgusted at how the community has treated Walker. Father encourages Coalhouse to consult a lawyer. The next day, Mother’s Younger Brother finds Walker’s car. It has been further vandalized and pushed into the grass and mud on the side of the road.

Part 2, Chapter 24 Summary

Mother’s Younger Brother has become increasingly unhinged since his conversation with Emma Goldman. He is withdrawn and talks to himself. He can no longer stand his upper class family and their frivolous conversations. Coalhouse consults several lawyers, all of whom point out different difficulties in the case. Walker decides to act as his own counsel, but hits roadblocks when the city government refuses to be amiable. The family becomes increasingly obsessed with Coalhouse’s troubles. Father insists Walker should have simply driven away, while Mother’s Younger Brother argues that Father has revealed his lack of principles. Sarah later confides in Mother’s Younger Brother that Coalhouse has refused to get married until his Model T is rightfully returned to its original state.

Part 2, Chapter 25 Summary

Mother and Sarah become close as Sarah works as a maid at the New Rochelle house. Sarah’s baby grows at a healthy rate, and the little boy takes a liking to the infant. Coalhouse Walker becomes wrapped up in finding justice after the Model T incident and stops visiting the family. Sarah forms her own plan to sort things out. One night, she travels to a campaign event for the Republican presidential candidate, James Sherman. Sarah wants to petition the American government to support Walker. When she arrives, Sarah runs toward Sherman. A militiaman, “with the deadly officiousness of armed men who protect the famous” (191), strikes Sarah in the chest with the butt of his rifle. She is held at the police station overnight, coughing blood. The next day, she is transferred to the hospital. Mother and Father realize Sarah is missing and look for her, eventually finding her in the public hospital. Sarah develops pneumonia. Coalhouse arrives and stays by Sarah’s bedside. At the end of the week, Sarah dies.

Part 2, Chapter 26 Summary

Sarah’s funeral is held in Harlem: “Everything was black including the sky” (194). Many of the mourners are Coalhouse’s fellow musicians. Walker pays for the funeral out of his wedding funds. A band plays as the dirges bring Sarah from Harlem to her funeral plot in Brooklyn.

Part 2, Chapter 27 Summary

It is now spring. Grandfather falls out in the garden and fractures his pelvis. Upstate, Harry K. Thaw escapes prison and flees to Canada before returning to the United States in Buffalo, New York. The police finally catch him on a train. Thaw refuses to tell who helped him escape, flippantly responding to his interrogators: “Just call me Houdini” (197). Houdini, meanwhile, is at his mother’s grave mourning her loss. His mother died months ago, but he is still trapped in depression and grief. He becomes obsessed with finding out a way to contact the dead. Houdini hunts for a true medium and hires a detective agency to sniff out frauds.

Meanwhile, Houdini throws himself into his work, developing radically difficult illusions for his audiences. His performances become so intense that they startle and disturb show-goers. At a show in New Rochelle, he is held in a glass tank filled with water for minutes on end, creating panic. He escapes and tries to calm the audience by revealing the secret behind the trick, but an explosion goes off. It is strong enough to shake the building. The audience flees in fear, believing Houdini is engaging in satanic tricks.

Part 2, Chapter 28 Summary

The explosion occurs two miles away at the Emerald Isle Engine. The fire station blows up and is destroyed. As bodies are recovered from the building, police begin to suspect a homicide. Father hears the explosion and fears that his fireworks plant has gone up in flames. The next day, he inspects the explosion site and sees Walker’s ruined Model T in the mud. That afternoon, news spreads that the killer and arsonist is believed to be an unidentified Black man. Many believe that he had a crew of accomplices. Later that night, the family has dinner at the New Rochelle house. Father blames Mother for housing Sarah and bringing drama into their household. Mother’s Younger Brother taunts Father and accuses him of being a privileged racist.

Meanwhile, the city’s newspapers receive letters from an unidentified party who claims to be behind the firehouse explosion. The letter lists a series of demands. The writer wants the Fire Chief handed over to deliver justice. They also demand the return of the Model T in its original condition. The letter concludes by saying that if these demands are not met, the writer will continue to burn firehouses. The papers do not print the letters, but hand them over to police. The New York police begin an investigation into Coalhouse Walker.

Part 2, Chapters 22-28 Analysis

These chapters continue the political momentum established in Chapters 14-21. Doctorow does not ease the intensity of his sociopolitical critiques, but raises them as he shifts his focus from labor to race in the latter half of Part 2. The author confronts white privilege, race, and police brutality. As Doctorow ramps up his novel’s political dimensions and ideological voiceRagtime’s situation within its own era becomes clear. The development of Coalhouse Walker’s subplot in Chapters 22-28 displays Ragtime’s relationship to late 20th-century American literature and broader national history; Doctorow constructs a narrative that responds to the racial, gendered, and class-driven issues of his own time.

It is important to consider the larger political and artistic atmospheres that Ragtime was created within. First published in 1975, Ragtime was released to an America that had borne witness to the rise and fall of the radical 1960s. Many social and political leaders who held the country’s progressive hopes on their shoulders had been assassinated, such as Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr., Fred Hampton, and JFK. By the 70s, many were left disillusioned by the potential for revolution to work in the United States, as radical groups such as the Black Panther Party, Chicano Revolutionary Party, and the Asian American movement were either fractured or broken up entirely. America had also lived through the Vietnam War, and the nation’s trust in government was broken. Race, gender, sexuality, and class became common topics of exploration in the literature of the era. This was in response to the awakening of the American populace to the systemic oppression of marginalized groups after the 1960s.

Doctorow’s fiction embodies the racial consciousness and resistance politics of the mid to late 20th-century. We see this through Coalhouse Walker’s radicalization and confrontation of systemic powers. Doctorow’s other characters—Evelyn Nesbit, Sarah, Emma Goldman, and Tateh—speak to other dimensions of systemic oppression throughout American history. The time in which Doctorow wrote Ragtime informs one of its core themes, Telling an Intersectional History: Doctorow’s novel captures the multifaceted nature of American history across racial, gendered, and class lines.

In Chapters 22-28, Coalhouse Walker speaks to the continued frustrations of Americans of color after the failures of the revolutionary decade of the 1960s. The police brutality suffered by Sarah in Ragtime’s 1910s setting was still being suffered— and is still suffered—by Black Americans after the Civil Rights movement and revolutionary failures of the 1960s and 70s. The character of Coalhouse Walker speaks to the pervasive systemic violence that has plagued, and continues to plague, America.

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