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51 pages 1 hour read

William Faulkner

Sanctuary

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1931

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Chapters 24-31Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 24 Summary

Temple remains at Miss Reba’s but becomes upset and destroys the expensive things that Popeye has brought her there. Minnie brings her food, but Temple ignores it, instead demanding a drink. Minnie scolds her for destroying Popeye’s gifts, and Temple locks her out of her room. Later that day, she bribes Minnie with $20 to let her go outside. She makes a quick phone call and then returns, drinking even more.

Temple remains in her room but appears to be getting ready to go out. She takes a pistol with her and sneaks downstairs, prepared to shoot anyone who gets in her way. When she opens the door, she finds Popeye outside and begins to scream at him “I won’t!” The narrative reveals that Popeye is impotent and that he has been bringing another man, Red, to have sex with Temple while he watches. Temple had planned to run away with Red that night, but Popeye has interrupted those plans. He forces her into his car, taking her to a bar.

Temple drinks heavily when they arrive at the bar. Red arrives as well and watches as Temple and Popeye dance together. Temple, drunk, makes advances toward Popeye, forgetting that he is impotent. She then dances with Red and runs off with him to a private room. She tells him that she is done with Popeye and only wants to be with him and that Popeye is planning to kill him. Temple tries to have sex with Red, but he turns her down and goes to gamble. Temple is then carried out of the club by two of Popeye’s associates, and Popeye remains, presumably to kill Red.

Chapter 25 Summary

The narrator describes a private party. It is full of people and music and dancing. A man offers everyone drinks, and the band begins to play different types of music. The crowd all speak over one another, calling for a good time to be had, and it is revealed that this is a kind of memorial party for Red. Miss Reba has just returned to her house from Red’s funeral and is mourning his death. She sits, drinking even more with her friends as they reminisce about Red and discuss their current goings on. Reba once again begins to mourn her dead beau, Mr. Binford. One of her friends asks where Reba thinks Temple and Popeye went, and Reba says she doesn’t care. She is extremely angry with Popeye for killing Red. She details Popeye and Temple’s relationship to her friends, hoping that word of Popeye’s crimes will spread.

Chapter 26 Summary

Benbow has just finished writing a letter to his wife asking for a divorce. He goes into town and sees Snopes, who implies that he now knows that Benbow frequents brothels and will take him to a cheaper place. Benbow ignores him. He sees Narcissa in town, but she avoids him. She instead goes into the offices of the district attorney, Eustace Graham.

Graham is driven and career oriented, and he plans on running for state office once he has established a successful enough career. He assures Narcissa that Benbow doesn’t have a chance of winning the case and that they will be able to protect society. Narcissa wants Graham to get Benbow off the case and tells him about Snopes’s call and Benbow’s trip to Memphis. She asks how long before it is over, and Graham says two days after the trial begins. Narcissa decides to write to Belle, Benbow’s wife, and says that he will be home then. Narcissa calls Benbow and asks for his wife’s address.

Two days before the trial, Snopes stands outside a dentist’s office looking extremely beaten up. In a barbershop, he explains that he had been hit by a car before launching into a rant about the evils of Jewish people, implying that a Jewish lawyer from Memphis had paid him less for a bribe than an “American” judge would have. When the barber asks what Snopes tried to sell the person in the car that hit him, Snopes changes the subject.

Chapter 27 Summary

The trial is set to start on June 20, and Benbow calls Reba to make sure that Temple is still there so that she can testify. Reba confirms that she is still there but says she doesn’t want Benbow to send any cops. When Benbow calls again on the 19th to check on Temple, Reba tells him that she and Popeye are both gone. The next day, the trial begins.

Benbow calls Ruby to the stand. She calmly tells the court the story of Tommy’s murder and what had happened the night before, just as she had to Benbow. When Graham cross-examines her, his first question is about her not having been married to Goodwin, which Benbow objects to and which Graham waives. After this first day, the Goodwins are nervous, but Benbow is confident, saying that the prosecution was reduced to trying to smear Ruby’s character.

That night Benbow finds out that Ruby has gone to spend the night with Goodwin in jail. Both are convinced that Goodwin is going to die, now at Popeye’s hand, and Goodwin again asks that Benbow get his son a job when he’s grown up. Benbow says there’s nothing to worry about, and the three prepare for court the next day in the jail cell.

Goodwin falls asleep, and Ruby offers to have sex with Benbow to pay him for his work. Benbow is shocked and asks if she thought that was what he wanted. She says yes, and Benbow asks if someone couldn’t just do something because they know it is the right thing to do. Ruby tells him about her past and that she acted as a mistress to a lawyer before to pay him to get Goodwin out of jail. She tells Benbow about spending all her money to get him out, leaving none for them to get married.

The next morning, Ruby and Benbow leave Goodwin, who is convinced Popeye will kill him on his way to court. Ruby asks how she can pay Benbow now, and he says he has been paid by the spiritual balm of taking on the case. At the court, Benbow finds that Temple has shown up with her own Memphis lawyer. Temple is sworn in to court.

Chapter 28 Summary

The district attorney speaks to the court, holding a corn cob covered in dried blood. He attests that due to the (unwritten) testimony of the gynecologist and the chemist, this court case should be the matter of a lynching rather than a hanging. Benbow objects. Temple goes on the stand. Graham questions her about her past and recent whereabouts, finally asking where she was on the night of her rape.

Temple relays the story of her rape in the corn crib, but lies and says it was Goodwin who did it, with the bloodied corn cob that Graham has entered into evidence, though readers are now aware that Popeye used it. She also says that it was Goodwin who killed Tommy. At the end of her testimony, Judge Drake arrives with his four sons, and they take Temple home.

Chapter 29 Summary

The jury takes eight minutes to declare Goodwin guilty. Narcissa takes Benbow home, and he sobs in the car as they pass the jail, where Ruby and her child are outside. Later that evening, Benbow sees a crowd gathered outside the jail. Benbow continues to the train station and lies down there. Noise outside wakes him, and he runs out to find a fire has been lit in the vacant lot beside the jail. Arriving at the lot, he finds that the crowd has lynched Goodwin, burning him alive. The crowd recognizes Benbow as Goodwin’s lawyer and threatens to lynch him too, but he is too devastated to notice.

Chapter 30 Summary

Benbow gets off the train that has taken him back to Kinston. The driver at the station tells him that he just took Benbow’s wife to their house. The driver mentions the Goodwin trial and expresses joy at Goodwin’s death as a just ending. Benbow enters his house and finds his wife reading in bed. It is as though neither of them has left. He asks about his stepdaughter, and his wife says she is at a party. He calls her against his wife’s protests, and she answers and says she is fine. His wife tells him to lock the back door.

Chapter 31 Summary

Popeye has been arrested in Birmingham, Alabama, for a crime he did not commit, which happened on the same day he killed Red. He was on his way to see his mother in Pensacola, Florida. She knows nothing of his criminal life and believes him to be a hotel clerk. Popeye’s father left her before Popeye was born, and his mother was sick with syphilis. As a child, Popeye was slow to develop, and his grandmother, who experienced delusions, took care of him. One day, his mother had to leave him alone with the grandmother, who took him and burned their house down, a shock from which his mother never fully recovered.

Popeye continued to develop slowly and weakly. At five years old, when invited to a children’s party, he cut up two live birds with scissors and climbed out the window. Three months later, a neighbor had him sent to a home for troubled children. As he grew up, he would come back to visit his mother every summer, keeping his escalating criminal activities a secret.

In the jail cell in Alabama, Popeye protests that he’s never been to the town before, but no one listens. The trial proceeds similarly to Goodwin’s, and Popeye is convicted. He doesn’t fight the decision or attempt to appeal it and instead lets himself be executed.

The book ends in Paris, with Temple and her father walking in the Luxembourg Gardens, both melancholy.

Chapters 24-31 Analysis

Each of the main plotlines reaches its climax in the final chapters. Temple is depicted as having completely fallen into Popeye’s world, accepting drinking and violence as her way of life—and appearing to enjoy it—while Benbow’s optimism and rejection of societal pressures reaches its final test: the trial itself. In Memphis, Temple’s and Popeye’s relationship has developed. Though Temple at turns embraces and rejects Popeye’s advances, it is clear that she in fact faced extreme control in her month at Miss Reba’s. Popeye watches the house and controls her access to food and liquor, and she must bribe Minnie to go outside on her own. She has had no contact with anyone from her old world, except her interview with Benbow. Popeye’s control of her does not completely satisfy his desires, however, as it is revealed that he is impotent. His acceptance of his execution at the end of the novel is that of deep hopelessness, possibly motivated by the fact that even his complete control over Temple will not solve the underlying issue of his impotence.

Even as Temple seems to have fallen into the criminal underworld, she subtly recreates patterns from her life at university. Just as she used to and as she dreamed of at the Old Frenchman place, she has new clothes and cosmetics. Her waiting for Red to come pick her up is reminiscent of her waiting for the boys she went on dates with. Even Popeye’s interruption of her plans unconsciously mirrors these old patterns, as Temple never knew which boy she had a date with on any given night. Her interest in Red is suggested to be motivated by this urge, as he “looked like a college boy, and he looked about the room until he saw her” (228), his behavior and looks mimicking those that she used to enjoy from the boys at school. These parallels offer an alternative to the idea that Temple has fully embraced and been transformed by her circumstances. At the same time, it again suggests the outdated, misogynistic view that her victimhood is of her own making or in keeping with her nature.

The injustices of the town’s views are reflected by the justice system. What matters is not who committed the murder, but that there is an acceptable story that does not question society’s values. Mob rule wins in the town, so mob rule wins in the court. Goodwin’s lynching is an extension of this. After Temple’s testimony, the town needed a scapegoat upon whom to enact their anger. The legal system did not offer enough punishment, so it was supplemented by mob violence. Temple’s use of Goodwin as a substitute for Popeye reflects this societal pressure as well. So the town would not turn its anger on her, and to protect herself from Popeye’s retaliation, she accused the man everyone else had already decided was guilty.

The end of the novel brings things for the upper-class characters back circumstantially, if not emotionally, to where they were at the start. Benbow has lost his motivation to change his life, giving in and returning to his wife. Upon arriving home, they immediately fall back into their old patterns: “‘I came back,’ Horace said. She looked at him across the magazine. ‘Did you lock the back door?’ she said” (292). Their separation has not forced a grand revelation about the nature of their relationship or the necessity of change. The town of Jefferson is restored to its previous state, Narcissa no longer worried about Benbow humiliating them socially. Gowan has gotten off entirely for his abandonment of Temple. Temple herself has returned to her family, her testimony guaranteeing her acceptance back into society by allowing people to use her traumatic experiences to justify their own violence.

Still, the characters suffer the emotional ramifications of the two months detailed in Sanctuary. Benbow remains greatly affected by his attempt to help the Goodwins and hearing Temple’s story. Temple is still recovering, the last image of her a melancholy and gray one as she stares at the statues, like those that she is described as resembling, in the Luxembourg Gardens: “[T]he dead tranquil queens in stained marble mused, and on into the sky lying prone and vanquished in the embrace of the season of rain and death” (309).

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