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49 pages 1 hour read

Hermann Hesse

Steppenwolf

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1927

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Pages 185-248Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Pages 185-205 Summary

Haller goes to the ball, and people crowd around him, greeting him and offering him drinks and dances. He leaves his coat at the coat check, taking note of the ticket to retrieve it. Haller finds Pablo playing in one of the bands, and the lower floor is decorated to resemble hell. Haller fails to find Hermine or Maria, and he sits for a drink. The noise starts to upset Haller, so he decides to leave. He misplaces his ticket, though, and a man gives him a new one labelled Magic Theater. The ticket says Hermine is in “hell,” and Haller reenters the party. Maria stops him, and they dance. Haller leaves her to find Hermine, but he cannot find her in the hell room. Haller recognizes the man next to him as his childhood friend Herman, but the person reveals themselves as Hermine. Haller falls in love with her at that moment, but they cannot dance together as two men. Haller dances with other women, and the crowd grows more excited. Time passes, and the band starts to tire. Haller sees a woman in the crowd and grabs her to dance. The woman is Hermine, and they dance passionately through the morning until the band finally retires. Pablo greets them and invites them for some entertainment “for madmen only” (198).

The three sit in a room, drink, and smoke “magic” cigarettes. Pablo says Haller was looking for an escape, and he shows Haller’s reflection in a mirror. Haller sees himself as tormented and seething with the Steppenwolf behind him. Pablo brings Hermine and Haller into the Theater, which is full of doors. Pablo asks Hermine to step aside, but he says they will be able to find each other in the theater. Pablo holds the small mirror up to Haller and tells him to laugh at himself, noting that the root of humor is to not take oneself too seriously. Haller feels a pain at the sight of his reflection, but it yields to laughter. Pablo calls this act a suicide of sorts, but he reminds Haller that the Theater is not real. Haller looks in a large mirror and sees hundreds of versions of himself, old and young, happy and sad. One young version of him leaves with Pablo, while another jumps through a slot in a door. Alone, Haller explores the Theater.

Pages 205-216 Summary

Haller chooses a door that reads “Automobile Hunting,” and he finds a war behind the door. People in homes are shooting at cars and planes, and placards explain that one side wants to kill off machines while the other wants to give over control to the machines. Haller thinks this war is inevitable in the modern day, and he appreciates that no phony nationalism is involved. Haller’s former friend, Gustav, joins Harry and says he was teaching theology until the war broke out. Gustav shoots the driver of a car, gets in with Haller, and they drive out of town. Gustav says he is not on either side, instead striving for balance. They set up at a vantage point and shoot the driver of a luxury car, which crashes into a wall with the driver dead inside. Gustav shoots next, and Haller laments that the driver of the next vehicle is a woman.

Gustav confronts one of the men in a car, and a woman gets out of the car and faints. The man is an Attorney General, and Gustav criticizes him for sentencing men to prison or death. The man turns the criticism around on Gustav, who defends himself by saying his is killing for fun and out of despair. Another car arrives, Gustav and Haller hold the three men inside at gunpoint, and they order the men to take the Attorney General into town. The woman, named Dora, wakes up, and the three of them return to the vantage point to shoot more drivers. Dora reloads their guns and asks if they fear police or soldiers. Gustav says there are none, so they must either shoot drivers or drive and be shot at, preferring to do the shooting. One man survives a car crash and shoots at Haller and Gustav, but they shoot back and kill him. When a pedestrian arrives, gets some food and wine from a car, and sits to eat and drink, Haller and Gustav feel ashamed of their violence. They get out of the vantage point to go back to town, but Haller and Dora fall through some planks off a cliff.

Pages 216-232 Summary

Back in the theater of doors, Haller debates his options, choosing a door that promises to build up his personality. Inside, there is a chess player, who holds up a mirror to fragment Haller’s self again. The player takes Haller’s different selves, lines them up on the chess board, and starts a game with them. The player says modern science has labeled the different facets of the self as “schizomania,” but they fail to understand that there is no singular order to these selves. The player arranges many games, in which Haller sees the unity of himself expressed through different themes and conflicts of his constituent souls. The player gives Haller the pieces, and Haller returns to the theater. Haller goes through a door that promises to tame the Steppenwolf. Inside, a brutish version of Haller forces a large, emaciated wolf to perform tricks. Then, the man becomes emaciated and follows the orders of the wolf. Haller is terrified, and he flees, thinking of images of dead soldiers from the war (World War I).

Next, Haller goes to a door titled “All Girls Are Yours,” thinking it the most pleasant option. Haller is transported to his youth, where he met a girl named Rosa. In reality, Haller greeted her, waited for her to pass, and lamented his inaction afterward. In the theater, Haller calls her back, they hold hands, and they spend the spring together, finally kissing. The theater brings Haller through all his romances, both experienced and missed, and he imbues each with fullness and love. He lives out romances with women he only glimpsed at a port or station, and he plays out “games” with three or four people at a time. Finally, the theater brings him to Hermine, but he withdraws, knowing he belongs to Hermine fully. The theater only expresses parts of Haller, and he wants to return to Hermine with his new understanding of himself, love, and time. Back in the theater, Haller finds a door labeled “How One Kills For Love.”

Pages 232-248 Summary

Haller sees himself in a mirror, and his reflection tells him death is coming. Haller reaches for his chess pieces and finds a knife. Mozart appears, and Haller follows him into a performance of Don Giovanni. Haller criticizes modern music, but Mozart does not care. They see Brahms and Wagner harassed by thousands of people, and Mozart says they are paying penance for thick orchestration. Haller worries that he will spend eternity followed by people who read and edited his writing, which makes Mozart laugh. Mozart says everyone is born guilty, and Haller imagines Adam and the apple in the Garden of Eden. Mozart laughs, Haller grabs his ponytail, and Mozart flies away with Haller hanging by his hair. Haller sees his reflection in the theater again, but his reflection is older. Haller destroys the mirror and walks the hall of doors, now without labels.

Haller enters the last door and finds Hermine and Pablo, nude after sex. Haller stabs Hermine in the heart, Pablo smiles and leaves, and Haller stands in a trance above Hermine. Mozart appears and makes a radio, which gushes slime and Handel. Mozart tells Haller that technology may distort art, but it cannot destroy art’s spirit. Criticizing technology is futile, so Haller should find the humor in modernity. Mozart notes how Haller, despite his great taste, is still a beast, and Haller agrees, lamenting that he killed Hermine. Haller says he wants to pay for his crime, and he sees a notice for his own execution. Approaching a guillotine, the court reads Haller’s sentence. For stabbing Hermine’s reflection with the reflection of a knife, failing to use or accept humor, and bringing reality to the Magic Theater, Haller is sentenced to eternal life, banishment from the Theater for 12 hours, and to be laughed out of court.

Mozart expresses his disappointment in Haller, and he threatens to revive Hermine and make Haller marry her. He offers Haller another magic cigarette. Mozart becomes Pablo, Pablo shrinks Hermine into a chess piece, and Haller realizes he has been interacting only with pieces of himself. Haller feels renewed and ready to confront himself again, hoping he will one day learn to laugh like Mozart.

Pages 186-248 Analysis

At the Fancy Dress Ball, Haller’s distaste for popular music and culture evaporates once he knows his friends are present. Before finding Hermine or Maria, Haller is determined to leave, calls his wine “tasteless” and the music “noise,” adding: “Everything was against me” (187). However, with Maria, Haller enjoys the dancing and music, and his enjoyment intensifies when he finds Hermine, both when she is dressed as Herman and when she wears her usual feminine clothing. Haller’s willingness to give over to the energy of the party once he finds his group is a sign of progress toward Overcoming Alienation. Rather than futilely opposing society, he is forming his own identity through his relationships with others. Without his friends, he retreats into his view of himself as an outcast, whose identity is formed only as a reaction against popularity. Once he feels welcomed, he sheds that false identity and enjoys himself.

In the Magic Theater, Haller explores different facets of his own identity. In the war against the machines, Haller encounters his own fearful reaction to modernity, reinforced by the presence of his friend, Gustav. Gustav tells Haller and Dora: “Either we stay quietly up here and shoot down every car that tries to pass, or else we can take a car and drive off in it and let others shoot at us,” adding that it is “all the same which side we take” (214). Gustav essentially summarizes Haller’s anti-Modernism: Rather than keeping pace with the times, Haller is trying to quietly stand to the side and criticize new technology. The cars and the people without them appear to occupy different sides, but neither side can change the presence of the cars. This dynamic is most clearly illustrated by the man who comes, takes food and wine from a car, and sits by the side of the road to eat and drink. Like this man, Haller could choose to take what he wants from modernity without railing against the things he does not want for himself.

In the taming of the Steppenwolf and the chess player’s rooms, Haller directly confronts The Search for Spiritual and Psychological Fulfillment. The taming of the Steppenwolf shows Haller both commanding and being commanded by the wolf he sees inside himself, revealing how neither side is truly dominant over the other. However, this vision of his psyche is false, and the room only shows Haller what he feels is true about himself. Instead, the chess player, looking suspiciously like Pablo, reveals how Haller is truly made up of thousands of fragments of selves, which he uses to play many different games. The chess player tells Haller: “This is the art of life,” adding: “You may complicate and enrich it as you please. It lies in your hands. Just as madness, in a higher sense, is the beginning of all wisdom” (220). The point of the chess game is to show how people can manipulate their own identities, often without intending to, simply by rearranging their perceptions of the world around them. Haller ultimately has much more variety in and control over himself than he previously thought.

The ending of the novel reveals, through Pablo and the magic cigarettes, that Haller has not gone on any physical adventure. Instead, the entire theater, and a good deal of time before the theater, has been imagined. Hermine is not real, which begs the question of whether Pablo or Maria are real, either. Pablo takes Hermine, “who at once shrank in his fingers to the dimensions of a toy figure” (247), just as the chess player did with the fragments of Haller’s self. This action, combined with Hermine’s similarity to Herman and her insistence that she is a mirror through which Haller sees himself, indicate that Haller has been in the theater much longer than he thinks. It is possible that Haller entered the theater the night he found the writing on the wall, and everything past that point, including meeting Hermine, was imagined.

The ending has specific significance for Haller’s journey, as the imagined court sentences him to eternal life for failing to find humor in his suffering. He is not sentenced for killing Hermine, instead for stabbing “to death the reflection of a girl with the reflection of a knife,” which is not as severe as “the intention of using our theater as a mechanism of suicide” and showing “himself devoid of humor” (245). In an imagined change of events, Haller would not be guilty if he simply laughed at the absurdity of the vision. In essence, Haller’s “crime” is continuing to take himself too seriously, even after the madness of the theater. Nonetheless, the novel ends with Haller determined to try again, asserting: “One day I would learn how to laugh” (248).

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