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Amor TowlesA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Pushkin and his wife, Irina, work on a farm in 1916 Russia. Pushkin has the soul of a poet, appreciating the weather, landscape, and hard work. Irina is enraptured by communist ideals, urging Pushkin to move to Moscow in 1918, after the Bolshevik Revolution. Irina is amazed by the city, while Pushkin is disgusted. They get jobs at a biscuit factory, where Irina becomes an engineer, while Pushkin is fired from a sweeping job. Pushkin waits in ration lines. Though he does not always get everything in a single day, Irina forgives him out of respect for the communist project.
Pushkin befriends people in the lines, talking with them about the weather, architecture, and their families. One day, Pushkin holds a woman’s place in line while she visits the pharmacy, but no one complains because Pushkin is a fun companion. Pushkin starts waiting on behalf of other people in various ration lines, and they give him portions of their rations in exchange. When young orphan boy, Petya, notices Pushkin’s arrangement, he asks Pushkin about his hustle. When a man asks Pushkin to wait in an electronics line, and Pushkin declines due to a conflict, Petya becomes his assistant. Petya starts waiting in lines on behalf of others, sharing half of his rewards with Pushkin. Noticing elites in Moscow waiting in line for bigger and better rewards, Petya recruits more boys, so Pushkin ends up running a line-waiting business of 10 boys by 1925. Irina is confused by Pushkin’s acquisition of treats and money for his services, but she concludes that communism is about helping others. In 1926, after helping a high-ranking official wait in line for champagne, Pushkin and Irina are moved to a larger apartment, which pleases Irina.
In 1929 Pushkin finds a magazine with an image of a woman in a white dress in New York City and becomes obsessed with image. Pushkin meets Litvinov, a former painter, who explains that his portraits of aristocrats led the Politburo—the main legislative body in the Soviet Union—to revoke his license to paint, so Litvinov now sweeps the halls of an elementary school. When Litvinov decides to leave Russia, the process involves waiting in a long line, filling out a delicate form, and passing the inspections of the Agency of Expatriate Affairs.
As Pushkin waits in line for Litvinov, he fills out a form of his own to pass the time. His responses are poetic, romanticizing his life as a farmer, and he writes on the form that he does not want to leave. When Litvinov does not show up in time to hand in his form, Pushkin hands over his own. The agents of the Agency for Expatriate Affairs are charmed by Pushkin’s application; Pushkin says he wants to go to New York City, and his visa is approved. When he nervously presents the visa to Irina, she decides she can spread the word of communism in New York City and agrees to travel, packing a suitcase of clothes and suitcase of cash. However, Pushkin gives all the cash to porters during the trip, leaving the couple without any money when they arrive in New York City just after the stock market collapse of 1929. Irina abandons Pushkin at the station, finding a biscuit company and befriending other Russian immigrants. As Pushkin waits for Irina, someone steals his suitcase.
A man in tattered clothes leads Pushkin to an alley behind a church, where many men similarly dressed are standing in line to receive food. Pushkin calls over another man, and he feels that his life in the US is beginning.
“The Line” is the only story collection that takes in the early 20th century and predominantly outside the United States. “The Line” hearkens to Towles’s prior novel, A Gentleman in Moscow, which is also set in the aftermath of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. However, unlike that novel, whose protagonist is an erudite aristocrat, this short story shows the perspective of farmers during the transition of Tsarist Russia into the Soviet Union. Like the other stories in the collection, “The Line” highlights the need for community and the challenges of navigating varied economic environments. The conclusion of the story makes it clear that seemingly different places often share the same hardships.
“The Line” introduces the theme of Attaining and Experiencing Happiness, as Towles contrasts the different forms of happiness expressed by Pushkin and Irina. Pushkin has the same name as the famed 19th century Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, which justifies the narrator’s description of this character as “somewhat of a poet in his soul” (3). The original Pushkin was a Romantic strongly influenced by the English poet Lord Byron; in turn, Towles’s Pushkin takes time to appreciate leaves on trees, thunderstorms, and “the golden hues of autumn” (3). Pushkin thus enjoys his lot as a farmer because it keeps him close to nature. When he enters Moscow, he is immediately shocked and offended by the metropolis because of its industrial appearance. However, as time passes, Pushkin finds the same appreciation for his environment in Moscow that he did in the country, praising elements of architecture and commodities.
Irina, on the other hand, has a more modern bent of mind: She is industrious and politically engaged, celebrating her work ethic and dedication to the Bolshevik cause. Upon arriving in Moscow, Irina quickly finds employment at a biscuit factory, rising the ranks to lead engineer and member of a committee. In the US, she does the same, finding other Russian immigrants at another biscuit factory, where “suddenly, even though she was an unflinching atheist, she knew exactly why God had brought her here” (37). Irina finds happiness in having a strong sense of purpose.
The conclusion of the story, in which Pushkin is again waiting in line, offers a wry commentary on the two economic systems of the story—communism and capitalism—introducing the theme of Power, Money, and the Individual. Though the debate about differences between capitalism and communism is heated, the story points out that for everyday people, the two ways of organizing a national economy can result in identical results. In the US and in the Soviet Union, the blue-collar factory worker continues to toil, while economic downturns create lack that requires the downtrodden to wait in long lines for what they need. Even more ironically, in the Soviet Union, Pushkin’s line-waiting turns into a small private business—exactly the kind of entrepreneurial endeavor ostensibly precluded by communism—while in the US, the Great Depression pushes the government to create social welfare that introduces a measure of socialism into the capitalist system. In each case, the industrious and patient alike, find a place in society; as both Irina and Pushkin quickly find likeminded communities.
By Amor Towles
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