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54 pages 1 hour read

Edith Wharton

The Custom of the Country

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1913

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Chapters 21-34Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 21 Summary

Ralph finds it strange to be back in his childhood home, particularly with his son. He’s out of sorts with the many changes his life has taken on. Undine writes a weekly but bland letter while she’s in Europe. However, after two months, she stops writing home. Ralph resolves to accept the idea that he’ll never be able to stop working, but he also decides to focus the worth of his work on Paul’s future instead of Undine’s frivolity. Ralph notices that Undine’s parents rebuke any effort on his own family’s part to socialize, and he also notices that her parents have moved from hotel to hotel, each of decreasing quality.

Ralph has difficulty finding a reprieve to balance the stress of his work. He decides to visit Clare Van Degen to find some happiness. With Clare, Ralph can confide his concerns and express his anxieties. When he tells her that the Lipscombs are overdue on their rent, Clare tells him that she read about Mr. Lipscomb’s suspension from the stock market and his wife’s subsequent application for a divorce.

Ralph receives a confidential letter from a Parisian firm that’s investigating misconduct.

Chapter 22 Summary

Ralph wakes up the next morning feeling physical pain and emotional burnout. He descends into a deep illness. He’s disheartened to discover that Undine hasn’t yet returned from her trip, though she was expected home three weeks earlier. He asks Abner where she is, and his response reveals that Undine has left Ralph and intends to seek a divorce from him on terms of desertion. Abner tells Ralph that there’s no other man, but Ralph doesn’t believe him.

Chapter 23 Summary

Ralph’s health improves, and he travels to the Adirondacks for further healing. His family doesn’t know what to do about the divorce with Undine because they’ve never had to deal with a scandal of this nature. They refuse to believe that another man isn’t involved—that a woman could decide she didn’t want to be with a man without having another waiting.

Ralph’s family tells Paul to think of his mother as dead. While Ralph finds it unlikely that Undine will ever ask to see Paul, he’d allow mother and son to reunite if she did.

Ralph receives official papers for divorce. Meanwhile, their story hits the press, and Ralph sees Undine’s accusations—that he worked too much to make a happy home—plastered in the newspapers.

Chapter 24 Summary

In Paris, Undine meets with Indiana Frusk, now Indiana Rolliver, the young woman from Apex who convinced a powerful man to divorce his wife to marry her. Undine has been in a difficult situation with Peter. She left Ralph and gave everyone space for a few months, but Peter still hasn’t secured his own divorce. Undine believes Clare is spitefully holding onto Peter because she hates Undine and is in love with Ralph. Undine has fallen in social status because her friends, like Indiana, can’t understand why she’d separate from Ralph and seek out a divorce before Peter confirmed that he’d also leave his wife.

Indiana tries to arrange a dinner where Peter and Undine can meet again, but Peter refuses to see Undine. Indiana reveals that Peter discovered that Undine ignored the many messages imploring her to return home to Ralph while he was ill. This made Peter feel differently about Undine. Undine’s behavior toward Ralph made Peter wonder if she would feel as callously about him if he were dying.

Chapter 25 Summary

Undine, friendless and alone, travels to sea towns for some peace. She contemplates the events of the last year. During that year, she lives with Peter for two months, giving in to him in the belief that doing so will help secure his divorce as well. She and Peter travel to unfashionable places because Peter doesn’t want their affair to become public. Eventually, she lands in Dakota, where divorce is easier to manage. In Dakota, Undine runs into Mabel Lipscomb, who’s there for the same reason. Undine waits for weeks for Peter to meet her, so in the meantime, she reestablishes her bond with Mabel. Undine becomes jealous of Mabel when Mabel’s new man comes to claim her, while Undine continues to wait for a sign from Peter.

Chapter 26 Summary

After waiting interminably in Dakota, Undine returns to New York to see her parents. There, she avoids any talk of Paul. She starts to perceive Ralph with tenderness and believes that the demise of their relationship was due to society pressures and not anything to do with them. In the papers, she reads about Peter’s return from his European trip and all the sightings of him out and about with Clare. Undine largely holes herself inside, but finally asks her father to go with her to the theater. Instead of box seats, she requests regular orchestra seats. She enjoys the anonymity of being in the crowd during the show, but on her way out she speaks loudly so that people notice her. She meets the gaze of people she used to socialize with, such as Claud Popple, Bowen, and Clare.

Back at home, her father confronts her about her necklace. He asks her who gave her the fine jewelry, certain that it couldn’t have been her husband. He orders her to return the necklace to Peter Van Degen.

Undine takes stock of her new reality. She acknowledges that she must start over somewhere outside of New York. She gets Mrs. Heeny to help sell Peter’s necklace for money she can use to leave. Undine convinces her parents to travel to Europe with her. This is her parents’ first time out of the country, and they become incessantly reliant on Undine’s help in Europe. Her parents don’t stay long, but Undine remains in Europe while they returns to New York. Thus, Undine now finds herself in Paris with Indiana.

Chapter 27 Summary

One day, Undine is approached by a woman who recognizes her from certain social events. The woman introduces herself as Princess Estradina. Undine recognizes it as one of the most important royal names in Europe. Princess Estradina invites Undine into a surprising friendship. However, Undine fears that the arrival of Madame de Trézac threatens her friendship with the Princess.

Chapter 28 Summary

Undine’s fears about Madame de Trézac prove unfounded, as de Trézac seems more eager to be in everyone’s good graces than to reveal any dark gossip about Undine. Princess Estradina invites Undine to Nice but ditches Undine at the last minute to visit a friend. Undine sees in this a plan in which Estradina is trying to slowly get rid of Undine. Undine spots Elmer Moffatt with a gaudy woman. She tries to get Elmer’s attention, and he makes a show of avoiding her gaze. Estradina returns with Raymond de Chelles, who is happy to see Undine. Later, Estradina apologizes for leaving Undine alone and explains that she was meeting up with someone secretly important to her. Undine accepts her apology and asks her not to bring Raymond around her anymore.

Chapter 29 Summary

Undine returns to Paris, where she meets with Raymond under his aunt’s supervision. Madame de Trézac warns Undine of the potential problems in her courtship with Raymond. Because of the ties between religion and aristocracy in Europe, Undine would have difficulty getting married in the Church because the Church doesn’t recognize divorce. De Trézac suggests that Undine take up a European arrangement with Raymond in which they’re together but unmarried.

Undine receives a letter from her mother. Leota has finally met with Paul, who saw a picture of Undine and asked who the woman was. Undine tears up at the thought of Paul not knowing who she is and hopes she can find a new husband who can provide better for Paul.

Undine hears that Estradina and her mother don’t want Undine to visit while Raymond’s mother is in town. They’ve heard about Undine and Raymond’s relationship, and even though they don’t worry about his marrying her, they’re concerned that Undine will hurt his reputation. Raymond encourages Undine to get an annulment of marriage because it’s recognized by the Church. Undine tells Raymond that she can’t see him anymore because she doesn’t want to come between him and his family.

Chapter 30 Summary

Undine encounters Elmer Moffatt. He tells her he’s in Paris because he got burnt out on Wall Street and needed a change. Undine asks Elmer to help find her money, ostensibly to get Paul back in her care. Elmer reveals that he’s under investigation and is currently broke.

Chapter 31 Summary

In the two years since Undine left him, Ralph has realigned his priorities. He still works in business but devotes his free time to Paul and has rediscovered his passion for literature. Ralph slowly becomes happier and more inclined to be around people. He restarts his friendship with Clare, though they never directly address Peter’s role in Ralph’s divorce. Ralph proudly begins his novel. His happiness is interrupted by the official news that Undine intends to get their marriage annulled and marry into French nobility.

Chapter 32 Summary

Ralph receives the horrifying news that Undine has successfully been approved by the courts to gain full custody of Paul. Because Ralph wanted to spare Paul from hearing defamatory things about his mother, Ralph didn’t fight for full custody during their divorce. However, Undine never asked for Paul, and everyone assumed she never would. Nevertheless, Paul is legally obligated to be suddenly taken away from Ralph and sent to Europe to live with Undine.

Chapter 33 Summary

Ralph agonizes over his son’s imminent departure. Clare suggests that Undine doesn’t really want Paul—she just wants money. If the Dagonets offer Undine money she can use for her expensive annulment, Clare figures, then she won’t care about Paul staying with them. Clare offers her considerable wealth to help Ralph pay off Undine.

Chapter 34 Summary

Ralph’s lawyers confer with Undine’s representation and agree that a large sum of money would persuade Undine not to press for custody of her son. Ralph thinks deeply about how to get the money and seeks out Elmer Moffatt. Elmer proposes that if Ralph can pay $50,000, Elmer can double it to the $100,000 necessary to pay off Undine. Ralph secures the $50,000 from his family and from Clare, who’s happy to make up her past wrongs to Ralph. Ralph and Clare grow closer, and they share a kiss.

Chapters 21-34 Analysis

When Undine decides to divorce Ralph, Wharton emphasizes how myopic her character is. Undine’s faith in Peter is absurd, as all her acquaintances attest to. It’s one thing to divorce Ralph but an entirely different thing to marry the husband of Ralph’s cousin. Although Undine is pragmatic and calculating, her investment in Peter demonstrates how little she understands about the consequences of her divorce. First, Undine convinces herself that a divorce isn’t a big deal, but in the early 20th century, divorce was a major scandal that touched every member of the families involved. Second, Undine convinces herself that Peter is her chance at a second, happier marriage—but Peter is more ostentatious than Ralph and therefore may be less reliable. Third, Ralph and Peter are essentially from the same culture of wealth and even the same family, so if Ralph doesn’t have the money he appears to have, Peter likely wouldn’t either. These questions make Undine’s drive to marry Peter a repetition of her mistakes in marrying Ralph. The shame associated with divorce may seem archaic, but for Wharton’s period, the logic of divorce—or the idea that a woman could and should separate from a man—was difficult to comprehend.

Moreover, just as with Ralph, Undine uses her femininity to manipulate Peter into considering a relationship with her. In both situations, Undine presents her life as unjustly lonely and limiting, inspiring a man to become her savior. This highlights a major social conflict in Wharton’s novel: the issue of gendered ideas and identities. Undine knows that by presenting herself as weak, she can convince men to give her what she wants, based on stereotypes of both men and women that Undine uses to her advantage. Undine can explain away her separation from Ralph by painting him as a weak man; he can’t pay her bills, overstresses her with business that should only be for men, and places their child at risk of an insecure financial life. In a point of irony painful for Ralph, she publicly places the blame for the failure of her marriage on his working too much to make a happy home, when his work has been necessary to support her extravagant lifestyle. Undine is savvy and feels that it’s right that men should do what she wants. She cares little for the feelings of the men in her life, such as Ralph’s emotional state and his life-threatening illness or Peter’s relationship with his family. Although Undine is ruthless, such ambition and cunning are rare in a female character from early 20th-century literature. Wharton subverts the classic ideas of femininity to expose the strength of being a woman, even at the expense of the moral reputation of that woman. However, Undine isn’t primarily a feminist protagonist because she still lives in a world controlled by men. She seeks a divorce from Ralph to marry another man, highlighting her inability as a woman of her time to make her own independent life. The narrative implies that Undine would be better off as a single woman because she doesn’t really like any of the men she deals with. For Undine, marriage is a solution to a financial and social problem, but in a different era, Undine could have made her own living without concerning herself with the seduction of powerful men who could secure her lifestyle. Thus, while divorce could be seen as liberating for Undine, it places her in a dire situation.

The messages and themes about female liberation are also evident in setting and secondary characters. Undine spends time in Dakota because its laws for divorce are more malleable to her needs than New York’s are. This positions the American West as a liberating space for women. With the Western Expansion came more equality for female decision-making because in the early 20th century, the West was a new and unconquered space. Whereas New York was mired in traditions and conservative laws, the West offered an environment ripe for development, which gave women more possibilities. Another issue here is Paul. Undine was devastated to learn that she’d become a mother. She hasn’t been a good mother to Paul; she forgets his birthday, sees him as a nuisance to her social life, and is unconcerned with his development. A new low for Undine’s characterization is the idea that she’d sell her son to Ralph for the opportunity of a new life in Europe. Although her lack of maternal love is startling, it’s also subversive. The expectation for women in this period was to get married and have children, as though motherhood was a natural yearning for all women. That Undine doesn’t care to be a mother is a criticism of society norms. In the contemporary era, women can choose or not choose to be a mother, but in the early 20th century, the idea that a woman wouldn’t want to be a mother branded that woman as unnatural. Wharton presents both options as equally true: Undine is an unsympathetic protagonist because she lacks empathy for even her own family, but she’s also a victim of society’s rules that bind a women to home and family regardless of her own desires.

While Ralph undergoes significant character development throughout the novel, Undine doesn’t. Ralph transitions from a gentleman living a quiet life to a man desperate to appease his wife in an unhappy marriage—and then finds his own new identity as a divorced man who works for his son and prioritizes his love of literature. Ralph’s emotional depths also play with gender expectations from this period. Undine demonstrates stereotypically masculine traits, while Ralph demonstrates stereotypically feminine ones. Ralph is sensitive, empathetic, loving, and has multilayered emotional intelligence. Undine is ruthless, ambitious, carefree, and manipulative. These gender subversions help Wharton critically view society—or the custom of the country, as per the novel’s title. This subversion also plays with interesting dynamics between Ralph and his world and Undine and her world. Undine still can’t take responsibility for her own actions. Instead, she finds other people to blame for any roadblock to her perceptions of success. However, Ralph is more open to the world’s possibilities, such as finding true love again, finding peace, and finding happiness. Crucial to this difference is their upbringing. Ralph’s family may not be as wealthy as many would assume a First Family to be, but he does have the unequivocal support of family and the tight-knit New York socialite circle. Undine, conversely, has had to fight for what she wants—and doesn’t have the same safety net to relax into when her life falls apart.

Thus, these chapters expose American cultural norms as oppressive. While Wharton doesn’t use this criticism to excuse Undine’s cold behavior, the subversion of these cultural norms emphasizes the great changes and transitions American culture was undergoing during the 20th century. The Industrial Revolution, the Great Awakening, two World Wars, and the rise of supreme capitalism all work together to change the face of wealth and potential in America. Undine and Ralph are two sides of that story.

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