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Michael CunninghamA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
When Julia sighs at Louis’s sadness (she saw his tears), Clarissa thinks her daughter embodies all the women who’ve sighed with frustration at men’s inscrutable desires. Clarissa wants to be the tragic figure of Louis: “an unhappy person, a strange person, faithless, unscrupulous, loose on the streets” (172).
Of all the rings Julia wears, none of them are the one Clarissa gave her for her 18th birthday. Clarissa asks how Julia is and immediately reproaches herself, seeing in this habitual question her own mother’s enraging habits. When Julia replies she’s okay, Clarissa compliments her appearance, commending herself for being habitually complimentary.
Julia’s friend Mary Krull is smoking outside, waiting to go shopping with Julia. Clarissa suggests Mary should come in to greet her, provoking silence in Julia. Clarissa thinks Mary is obligated to follow the basic rules of civility, no matter how radical her politics. Julia invites her in, though Clarissa regrets the suggestion.
Mary is in her forties with a shaved head and a wary expression. Clarissa thinks she looks like a stray dog: “a pathetic and ultimately dangerous creature who ostensibly needs a good home but whose hunger in fact runs so deep it cannot be touched by any display of love [...] It will never be satisfied; it will never be tame” (176).
Clarissa notices Mary makes an effort to be civil. Nevertheless, Mary hates Clarissa, assuming Clarissa thinks that by following the “rules”—that is, by presenting herself in a traditionally feminine way, by holding a “respectable job”—she’ll gain the power men have and avoid persecution for her sexual orientation. Mary also views Clarissa and Sally’s domestic lifestyle as a betrayal of the countercultural queer ethos. Clarissa thinks Mary is a Svengali who is just as aggressive as a man and who has hypnotized her daughter. Clarissa doesn’t understand why Julia follows Mary—Clarissa thinks maybe she’s looking for the father figure she never had.
As Julia and Mary leave, Mary is overwhelmed by desire for Julia. A painful vein of pride runs through her desire: “Julia inspires in her an erotic patriotism, as if Julia were the distant country in which Mary was born and from which she has been expelled” (179). Mary thinks she would do anything for Julia if the latter loved her; Julia will never love her in that way.
Vanessa and her children have left, and with them the happiness Virginia felt that afternoon. She’s lost faith in the pages she wrote in the morning and struggles to accept that the circumstances of her life are enough.
Suddenly, Virginia decides to sneak out of the house to go for a walk. In the windy darkness, she feels she’s entered the world of death, a world that in the moment she prefers to the lamps and smell of cooked beef inside. She passes the dead bird in its flower bed and sees it looks like garbage now: The dignity and beauty of its funeral existed only by and for the children.
On the road to town, Virginia passes a laughing couple. She feels alone and vulnerable to the devil: the headaches and voices that sap beauty and hope from life. There is something awesome about the devil, however: “a certain tragic grandeur, for the devil is many things but he is not petty, not sentimental; he seethes with a lethal, intolerable truth” (185). In order to protect herself from the devil, Virginia feels compelled to continue forward—she decides to go to London. In its raucousness, London seems like a refuge.
At the station, Virginia sees the next train isn’t for 25 minutes. This delay conflicts with the image she had of walking onto a departing train. If she takes the next train, she’ll return too late and Leonard will worry. She’s faced with a dilemma: It’s healthier for her to remain in Richmond, and yet, in Richmond, she feels like the bird, “gently dying on a bed of roses” (187).
Virginia buys a ticket and paces up and down the platform. She decides to go for a short walk to kill time. On the road, she sees Leonard’s small, ordinary figure hurrying toward her. Leonard says how much her disappearance worried him; she responds he’s acting strangely. She feels sorry for Leonard and knows she should tell him the truth. Instead, she says she’s just been walking.
As they walk back to Hogarth House at the top of the hill, Virginia projects the duality of Richmond and London onto Mrs. Dalloway: “Mrs. Dalloway [...] is a house on a hill where a party is about to begin; death is the city below, which Mrs. Dalloway loves and fears and which she wants, in some way, to walk into so deeply she will never find her way back again” (190). Virginia squeezes Leonard as if he were the one who escaped danger.
At Oliver St Ives’s apartment, Sally talks with him and Walter Hardy about making a thriller starring Oliver as the gay protagonist. Walter, who Oliver hopes will write the script, is entranced by Oliver. Sally expresses skepticism about the movie’s commercial viability but is nonetheless also attracted by Oliver’s star power, the way in which he embodies the original brawny American man. Sally thinks fame is the most powerful force in the world (195).
Oliver ribs Walter about writing the profile that got him fired (that Walter warned him against publishing). Walter tries to respond with a smile, but his expression twists into a hateful one; Sally is disgusted by him, imagining that even as a boy he was a status-hungry manipulator. As Oliver talks, Sally can’t tell whether his mannerisms derive from the characters he’s played or vice versa.
Due to Sally’s skepticism, the two men plan the next meeting without her. She feels the men never needed her in the first place and that Oliver just invited her because he thinks of her as some sort of Sapphic mentor (198).
Sally and Walter leave together. Walter asks how Richard is, and when Sally tells him, “Pretty sick,” he expresses dismay; Sally perceives an egoism underlying his lament, which disgusts her: “[A]s he says the correct and respectful things—even as he quite possibly feels the correct and respectful things—he’s thinking, too, of how fine it is to be the semi-famous novelist Walter Hardy” (199). A display of silk shirts catches Walter’s eye; he decides to buy one for his partner Evan. Sally wonders if Walter is disappointed that his trophy boyfriend, who was going to die a tragic death with Walter at his side, is now going to survive because of the new drugs. Walter drags Sally into the store, where she becomes envious of Walter’s knowledge of his partner’s taste; she’s never been able to buy the right gifts for Clarissa. Sally starts to feel resentful.
Suddenly, however, Sally feels extreme longing for Clarissa. She rushes home, buying the only bunch of flowers along the way that look alive. She wants to tell Clarissa of the fear that is the other side of her joy in their quiet relationship: her fear of Clarissa’s death. She feels their relationship has tied her to mortality, to an inevitable loss. At home, Sally senses Clarissa is in a bad mood, and the feeling she had vanishes. Clarissa tells her of Louis’s visit. They laugh that Sally inadvertently also bought yellow roses; in the moment, they are content.
Having read half of Mrs. Dalloway in the hotel, Laura returns late to pick up Richie. As she drives, she feels caught between her world and the worlds of Woolf and Mrs. Dalloway. When she arrives at her neighbor’s, the once familiar area now feels foreign. Laura pushes herself to approach the door.
The neighbor, Mrs. Latch, answers immediately. Richie runs and hugs Laura, crying. Laura sees that he has spent a few unhappy hours in another world that had started to feel like his new life. Laura feels embarrassed; Mrs. Latch is hurt, having thought Richie enjoyed his time. Laura assures Richie that she was only running errands.
In the car with Richie, the setting of late sun and sprinklers over lawns appears to dilate, and Laura feels like herself—pregnant wife and mother—again. She sees an emotion in Richie’s face that, for the first time in her life, she can’t read. She asks him what’s wrong, and he responds in a frantic, overloud voice that he loves her. Her assurance that she loves him too doesn’t change his expression. Laura realizes he knows she lied about where she was. She realizes Richie knows her better than anyone else does: “He is devoted, entirely, to the observation and deciphering of her, because without her there is no world at all” (213). He will always know when something is wrong and always discern the failures she tries to hide.
Virginia, Sally, and Laura all feel constrained by the lives they’ve chosen. In contrast to Sally, Virginia and Laura are suffocated by their worlds. Sally’s feeling of constraint is in being committed to Clarissa: Sally dreads the loss (Clarissa’s inevitable death), and she thinks of how her love has put her on track to suffer this loss. Nevertheless, the more socially progressive world of 1990s New York City affords Sally relative freedom to love whom she wants and to pursue a life with her. This suggests that the value of freedom is being able to choose the ways in which to tie yourself to life and to reaffirm those choices knowing that they both allow you to love and subject you to loss.
Laura and Virginia don’t have this freedom. Virginia’s illness prevents her from living the social, literary life she wants to live in London. Her illness, which she feels is part of herself, strands her in a quiet domestic life in Richmond, a life antithetical to the rest of herself. This split between what she wants and what is salubrious—a conflict that feels irresolvable—imprisons her and spurs her impulses to escape to London, the geographical symbol of her literary self. Her willingness to lie to and hurt her beloved Leonard, and to risk her health, indicates the power of her need to pursue her deepest desires and ambitions; it also indicates the extreme suffering in denying this true self.
Laura is also caught between two worlds: the fictional world of Mrs. Dalloway and the actual world of her domestic life. Her time in the hotel room affords her a vantage on her own life that makes her realize the full extent of its constraints. She can’t take time out of her day to do what she wants: Her world doesn’t allow this freedom, and Richie will always see through the lies she tells to secure this freedom. Like Virginia, Laura is torn between two parts of herself. She loves Richie and is disturbed to see the trauma her short outing inflicted on him, despite her best efforts to be responsible about it; however, the stronger part of herself rejects her domestic life. In living this life, she feels she has killed her true self—Laura Zielski—in favor of a false self—Laura Brown. The world’s prohibition of her two main true desires—to pursue literature and to love women—inflicts massive suffering, but she is not in a position to safely or easily rebel against those prohibitions. Since her world is so restrictive and her life so prescribed, Laura sees suicide as her only way to honor her true self and escape the suffering of denying it.
Both Clarissa’s daughter, Julia, and her friend Mary Krull make Clarissa feel insecure about herself. It distresses Clarissa to see her own mother’s enraging habits in her own habit of asking Julia how she’s doing: “one of those innocent little habits that inspire thoughts of homicide in an offspring” (170). Clarissa’s belief that she isn’t a good enough mother makes her feel insecure. Furthermore, that she’s both aware of and unable to change this habit suggests that Clarissa sees a certain atavistic inevitability to resembling her mother.
Julia’s friendship with Mary also makes Clarissa feel disconnected from her daughter. Mary represents a new generation of gay people who increasingly view their sexual orientation as a mode of political expression—as an opportunity to subvert conventions associated with heteronormative oppression. These conventions involve traditional gender presentation, hence part of Mary’s distaste for Clarissa, whose outward femininity (being “unexceptional” and unstereotypical of lesbians) does not blazon her sexual orientation. In contrast, Mary’s butch style—which makes her clearly legible as a lesbian—represents her rejection of the convention she associates with oppression. Moreover, Mary assumes that Clarissa’s self-presentation is simply an attempt to “fit in” with heterosexist society and escape persecution. Clarissa senses Mary also detests her for living a domestic life with Sally, as Mary sees it as more conformity. The conflict between Clarissa and Mary is microcosmic of a broader generational conflict: Mary, as the younger generation, heavily politicizes her sexual orientation and sees subversiveness as a moral obligation; Clarissa, as the older generation, not only does not share this philosophy but believes it spurious. She views Mary’s tactics as needlessly radical, and she resents her for inculcating Julia—who isn’t a lesbian—with what Clarissa sees as an unnecessarily ostracizing presentation.
By Michael Cunningham