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68 pages 2 hours read

Michael Cunningham

The Hours

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1998

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Chapters 7-9Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 7 Summary: “Mrs. Woolf”

Virginia walks, planning Clarissa Dalloway’s character arc: When she’s still a young woman—still in her “girlhood”—she’ll have a love with a girl, see a free future ahead of her, forsake it for a man, and finally kill herself in middle age over something trivial. As she passes a woman who gives her a judgmental look, Virginia realizes she’s been talking to herself. She despises the parochial, suburban life the woman represents. Though her eight years in Richmond have largely cured her of the headaches and voices, she longs to return to the dangers of the city.

Virginia pauses before reentering Hogarth House to re-inhabit the character she feels she must play for the sake of others, and to retain her mental health. She imagines herself as both author and character in a real-life novel of which Leonard, Ralph, and Nelly are readers. The persona she plays is healthy and impeccably social:

[A] serene, intelligent woman of painfully susceptible sensibilities who once was ill but has now recovered; who is preparing for the season in London, where she will give and attend parties, write in the mornings and read in the afternoons, lunch with friends, dress perfectly (100-01).

Virginia wonders how different English literature would be if she could make Mrs. Dalloway’s small domestic mishaps (such as the wrong choice of hat) resound through her character with the same devastation as a lost battle through a general in a male author’s novel. Inside the house, Virginia marvels at how effortlessly Nelly is herself. As Nelly describes the lunch menu, Virginia struggles to suppress her association of food with decay and her shadow self in the mirror.

Virginia resents that Nelly has planned pears instead of pudding for dessert, interpreting the choice as a veiled swipe at Virginia’s shirking her planning duties for writing that morning. Virginia orders Nelly to travel to London to get nice tea supplies for her sister Vanessa’s visit that afternoon; Nelly protests but relents under pressure. As Nelly returns to topping turnips, Virginia imagines that Nelly would use the knife with the same competence to slit her throat. Virginia wishes she could affect the matronly, firm attitude her mother used with her servants with Nelly. Virginia decides to give her new character Clarissa this skill: Her servants will go above and beyond for their beloved Mrs. Dalloway.

Chapter 8 Summary: “Mrs. Dalloway”

When Clarissa returns to her building with the flowers, she meets her partner, Sally, on the way out. Sally has a severe face, gray hair, and a restless disposition. Clarissa feels tender toward her but also disapproves of her yellow jacket. Sally is having lunch with Oliver St. Ives, a B-movie action star who was fired for coming out as gay in Vanity Fair before going on to become a celebrity gay rights activist.

Sally leaves. Clarissa notices the pleasure she felt that morning is gone. The dusty, brown-lighted hallway of her building feels like the entrance to a place of infernal boredom. She feels better once she enters their apartment. She appreciates their luck in finding a two-floor apartment with a garden in the West Village.

Upon reading Sally’s note about lunch, Clarissa suddenly feels that her apartment is not hers, that it doesn’t conform to her taste. She feels her true self lives not in the apartment but in her memory of the tree tapping against the glass and the music it begot; she lives not in the material world of her possessions but in the immateriality of her raw experience, moment to moment. She realizes living with Sally in their apartment is the source of her suffering; she fantasizes about leaving and feeling like herself again, with the future ahead of her. This feeling soon passes.

Clarissa feels snubbed by Oliver St. Ives, who didn’t invite her to lunch. This feeling prompts an extended contemplation of her life and other lives she could live. She vacillates between trying to feel content with what she has and pining for the lost possibility of a life with Richard. Oliver’s apparent interest in Sally over Clarissa makes Clarissa feel she has become trivial on her road to death, when the world will get on just as well without her. She fantasizes about embracing the immortal celebrity from the trailer and crying together over their common suffering.

Clarissa recalls her summer spent with Richard and his lover, Louis (in a house Louis’s parents lent them), when the world overflowed with possibility. She’d rationalized that the romance she developed with Richard was in the spirit of free love and didn’t hurt Louis, despite the fact he was always (seemingly accidentally) cutting himself that summer. Clarissa imagines the life she and Richard could’ve created together, probably in Europe, if she’d returned his kiss of the corner of Bleecker and MacDougal that she passed that morning: “[A life] full of infidelities and great battles [...] a vast and enduring romance laid over friendship so searing and profound it would accompany them to the grave [...] a life as potent and dangerous as literature itself” (111).

Clarissa knows that having multiple romances also could’ve created a life without the secure love Sally provides. What Clarissa cherishes most is a night from before she and Richard started sleeping together, when they shared their first kiss by a pond at dusk and had dinner afterward. In that moment, she was happy like in no other because of the future life it foreshadowed so vividly; now she knows there will be no other moment like it.

Chapter 9 Summary: “Mrs. Brown”

The cake doesn’t turn out as the picture of bounty and health Laura envisioned—it looks amateurish and small. She invents a task for Richie as she ices it, not wanting him to ruin it, but she doesn’t plan the lettering and it ends up cramped.

Laura foresees how Dan will receive her presents: grateful for the sentiment but not the things themselves. He seems satisfied with what he has. This lack of desire and his work satisfaction confuse Laura. She reminds herself to be grateful that he loves her for who she is and doesn’t care about things. She wants to be the competent mother, the loving wife; she doesn’t want to be the reclusive Laura Zielski she was: “the strange woman, the pathetic creature, full of quirks and rages, solitary, sulking, tolerated but not loved” (116). Laura remembers that Virginia Woolf drowned herself.

Laura’s neighbor Kitty knocks. Laura panics because she’s not properly dressed and considers ignoring the knock until she sees Richie has noticed it. She lets Kitty in, who is the embodiment of domesticity. Kitty was a popular, confident girl who graduated in the same class as Dan. Laura knows that in a life where she’d been in that same class, Kitty would’ve bullied her; however, in this life, where Laura is married to a decorated war hero, they’re friends. Laura relishes the proximity to Kitty’s celebrity aura their friendship affords but simultaneously feels guilty about liking her.

Kitty comments that the cake is cute; to Laura, this comment reveals how pathetic the cake really is: “The cake is cute [in] the way a child’s painting might be cute. It is sweet and touching in its heartfelt, agonizingly sincere discrepancy between ambition and facility” (119). Laura asks about Kitty’s husband, Ray, a vital boy grown into an unremarkable man incapable of impregnating his wife.

Kitty has come to ask Laura to feed their dog while she’s in the hospital for three days for a growth in her uterus. This news changes Laura’s view of Kitty from a dutiful wife standing by her war-damaged, possibly infertile husband to a tragic figure. Laura consoles Kitty and they share a prolonged, intimate embrace. Laura notices Kitty’s pleasant smell and breasts as she rests her head in Laura’s breasts. Laura kisses Kitty on the forehead, and then their lips touch. Kitty pulls away first, and Laura feels ashamed of herself, fearing she’s been a “predator.”

After Kitty leaves—having deflected the intensity of the interaction by simply saying to Laura, “you’re sweet”—the world becomes strangely flat to Laura. The suburban shopping street outside seems squished. She longs to return to bed and Mrs. Dalloway. She again recalls the line, “life, London, this moment of June” (128). She goes into the kitchen and trashes the cake; she feels relieved. She plans a new cake, free of its predecessor’s flaws.

Chapters 7-9 Analysis

Virginia, Clarissa, and Laura all feel their lives are not what they could be; each woman feels disconnected from her true self. They all try to resolve this feeling of dissonance and sehnsucht—the wistful yearning for all the imperfections, regrets, and unfulfilled aspects of your life to be perfected—through literature. The main barrier to Virginia living the literary life she wants in London is her mysterious illness. After eight years in Richmond, she’s extremely conflicted between her desire to remain healthy and her desire for spiritual and intellectual nourishment. Richmond and London symbolize these conflicting drives. In Richmond, she feels that her personality isn’t respected: A woman glares at her for talking aloud to herself about her book, and her servant Nelly dislikes her because she doesn’t behave like a proper matron. In her project Mrs. Dalloway, Virginia hopes to convey that this pain from domestic failings—the pain of being unable to live up to society’s image of a perfect woman—is just as strong as a general’s pain at losing a war. Virginia also rectifies her own inadequacies in the character of Mrs. Dalloway: Since Virginia lacks the proper manner with her servants, she decides to endow Mrs. Dalloway with that quality and make the character’s servants love her. Literature is both an outlet for Virginia’s incommunicable pain and a mechanism for coping with her inadequacies.

Clarissa also feels imprisoned by her life, coping by imagining an ideal literary life with Richard. Clarissa feels trapped in the domestic life she and Sally lead and yearns to escape, to become free again, thinking that it would alleviate her suffering. While this feeling passes, she still feels like her life isn’t enough; she imagines the excitement of a life with Richard, “[a life] full of infidelities and great battles [...] a vast and enduring romance laid over friendship so searing and profound it would accompany them to the grave [...] a life as potent and dangerous as literature itself” (111). The analogy of life as literature suggests the ideal life Clarissa yearns for is like a fictional world insofar as it lacks dull moments. The juxtaposition of this desire with Virginia’s and Richard’s stories creates dramatic irony. Richard lived a literary life, but it didn’t protect him from unhappiness. Woolf’s relationship with her husband, Leonard, is the model for the life Clarissa wants with Richard, and yet, as Clarissa knows, Woolf killed herself. The unconventional, literary life alone doesn’t beget happiness. At the end of the chapter, Clarissa realizes her folly in thinking it does. She recognizes that the happiest moment in her life—”a kiss at dusk [with Richard] on a patch of dead grass, and a walk around a pond as mosquitoes droned in the darkening air” (113)—cannot be repeated or extended. This recognition foreshadows her acceptance of her life in all its imperfections.

Laura’s world also doesn’t meet her expectations. Her cake is a microcosm of her failure to realize her ideal life: Despite her best efforts to make it a symbol of health and prosperity, it turns out amateurish and small. The swelling of emotion she feels when she kisses Kitty reveals her life as the prison it is, stranding Laura in a world that represses those emotions: “The world, this world, feels suddenly stunned and stunted” (127). There is tragic irony in this statement. Laura doesn’t explicitly identify the source of her suffering, perhaps because she is unaware of the possibility of being a lesbian, or because it is too unthinkable to her to be fully conscious of it (though the narration during the encounter clarifies that both she and Kitty are indeed aware of the romantic nature of the embrace). At the same time, though she doesn’t identify her exact pain—the pain of being trapped in a heterosexist world—she sees this world as “stunned and stunted,” and it is because this world truly is so limited that she struggles to directly articulate her experience in the first place. This obfuscation of the pain is itself part of the pain.

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