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64 pages 2 hours read

Philip G. Zimbardo

The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil

Nonfiction | Book | Adult | Published in 2007

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Key Figures

Philip Zimbardo

Philip Zimbardo is an American psychologist and a professor emeritus at Stanford University. He rose to prominence for his Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) and has authored numerous books, including The Time Paradox, and The Time Cure. He is the founder and president of the Heroic Imagination Project. Zimbardo also served as an expert psychological witness for the trials of United States soldiers related to the Abu Ghraib prison torture and prisoner abuse. He is married to the prominent social psychologist Christina Maslach.

Prisoner Doug-8612

Prisoner Doug-8612 is the first prisoner arrested for the Stanford Prison Experiment and the first person Zimbardo is forced to release from the experiment due to a mental breakdown. Initially rebellious, Doug quickly loses his grip on reality and demands release. He comes to believe Zimbardo will not release the prisoners in the experiment, and his condition worsens, necessitating his early release.

Guard Hellmann

Guard Hellman is the most brutal, authoritarian, and sadistic guard in the Stanford Prison Experiment. Over the several days of the experiment, he progresses the psychological and physical torture of the prisoners, eventually forcing them to engage in homoerotic acts that could accurately be described as sexual assault. He later states that during the Stanford Prison Experiment, he was performing experiments of his own, to determine how far he could push the prisoners before they pushed back.

Carlo Prescott

Carlo Prescott is an ex-con who has co-taught classes with Zimbardo on prisons and who participates in the Stanford Prison Experiment as the chief parole officer. During the parole hearings, his role reverses, from his former position of the oppressed inmate requesting (and frequently being denied) parole to powerful parole officer, or oppressor, with the authority to grant or deny parole. He is shocked by how easily he embraces his new role as oppressor and wields his power in an authoritarian, over-the-top manner.

Staff Sergeant Ivan “Chip” Frederick II

Chip Frederick is former a US Reserve Military Police Officer and former corrections officer in a US Penitentiary. Because of his employment as a corrections officer in the US, the US Army assigns him to supervise several hundred of the most dangerous prisoners on the night shift in Abu Ghraib Prison, Iraq. He is inexperienced and unfit for this post, and he does not possess the psychological profile to be an effective leader in such a position. Large scale prisoner abuse occurs under his watch and by him, for which he is severely punished. Zimbardo argues that while Chip must shoulder blame for his own actions and failures in supervision, his actions are the result of powerful situational forces beyond his control. The most blame rests in the system and its architects.

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