48 pages • 1 hour read
Joseph ConradA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The Assistant Commissioner, having met Verloc, meets Toodles at Parliament. They go to the offices of Sir Ethelred, with the Assistant Commissioner explaining his plans to catch Vladimir by using someone else as bait. He explains to Sir Ethelred that Verloc confessed eagerly, revealing the roles of the “weak-minded” Stevie and Vladimir in the bomb attack (160). Michaelis, he says, knew nothing even though he had spent time with Stevie.
Though the Assistant Commissioner and Sir Ethelred are surprised by how seriously Verloc took Vladimir’s threat, Verloc evidently took the threat seriously. He was motivated by anger and fear, they surmise. They wonder whether he ever planned for Stevie to get hurt, suspecting that Verloc may have sought to die by suicide in the blast instead. The Assistant Commissioner allowed Verloc to go because he does not believe that Verloc will leave the country. He notes that Verloc is seemingly genuinely in love with his wife. The affair, he suggests, has the air of a “domestic drama” (163).
The benefactor of Michaelis hosts the usual guests at her home. The wealthy, powerful people talk about politics and revolutions. The Assistant Commissioner arrives and assures the benefactor that Michaelis is innocent. She notes that Mr. Vladimir is also present. In his discussions, Vladimir points to the recent bomb attack to demonstrate why Britain needs to take harsh measures to deal with anarchists. Draconian clampdowns against anarchists are essential, he says, as anarchists threaten society “with all sorts of horrors” (164). The Assistant Commissioner hints that he knows about Vladimir’s role in the bombing. Vladimir prepares to leave and the Assistant Commissioner follows him.
Outside, the Assistant Commissioner confronts Vladimir. They walk as they talk, and the Assistant Commissioner tells Vladimir about his plans to prosecute Mr. Verloc and, in doing so, expose that he worked for Vladimir. The Assistant Commissioner prefers to target individual anarchists, making “their employment unpleasant to their employers” (166). He plans to make it impossible for Vladimir to continue to employ Verloc or any other spy in Britain. This threat shakes Vladimir, who hails a cab. They are stood outside the Explorer’s Club, where Vladimir is an “honorary member” (168).
After the departure of Chief Inspector Heat, Verloc paces back and forth in his house. He feels sorry for Winnie, who will be hurt by Stevie’s death. Since Heat has already told her the news, he is relieved that he does not need to do so. Verloc did not mean for Stevie to die. Instead, he had expected Stevie to be arrested. During their regular walks, he believes that he had taught Stevie the importance of saying nothing to the police. He was not concerned about Stevie incriminating him, especially as Verloc had “carefully indoctrinated” Stevie to mistrust the police (169). He laments that his wife sewed their address into Stevie’s coat, but he will not criticize her for doing so. When he goes to Winnie, he tells her that he did not intend for Stevie to be hurt. Winnie shudders in silence. Verloc blames “that damn Heat” for his manner of speaking (172), though he has not thought up a gentler way to break the news. He decides to leave his wife alone for the time being, going to the parlor to eat the dinner that Winnie prepared earlier. He has been so nervous all day that he has eaten nothing; he is struck by the sudden return of his appetite.
After eating, Verloc approaches the motionless Winnie. He urges her to “be reasonable” (172), as he will likely soon be sent to prison. Verloc is not an emotional man. When he tells Winnie to look him in the face, she cannot do so. Annoyed, Verloc tries to force her. Winnie flees from him. Verloc slumps in her now-empty chair and thinks about his future in prison. Ironically, he notes, he succeeded in producing a moral outrage, just not the one that he intended to produce. He worries about his shop, as Winnie cannot care for it in her state. Winnie sits in Stevie’s favorite seat. With his emotions and frustrations bottled up, Verloc accuses Winnie of not knowing the forces that have pushed him to the edge. He rants, bemoaning Vladimir for treating him like a disposable toy. Many wealthy people should thank Verloc, he claims, for the years he has spent foiling anarchist plots. The Baron, Vladimir’s predecessor, did appreciate Verloc, unlike Vladimir, the “ignorant, overbearing swine” (175). Winnie sits up as Verloc rants. He claims that his loyalty to Winnie is the only thing holding him back from attacking Vladimir.
Winnie sits mutely, her mind filled with images of her past in the boarding house run by her mother. She remembers how she has spent her whole life taking care of her brother, marrying Verloc to help support Stevie after the death of their abusive father. Then, she remembers Verloc and Stevie’s walks, which jolts her back to her immediate situation. With Stevie gone, she realizes, she is no longer dependent on her husband to support her and her family. She goes to her bedroom, dressing herself to go out. Verloc does not grasp the seriousness of Winnie’s behavior. He tries to calm her, not noticing the extent to which she is ignoring him. She thinks to herself that she is now a “free woman” (185). As she refuses to speak to him, he becomes annoyed. Feeling exhausted, he collapses as Winnie moves around him. He suggests that she is partially to blame for Stevie’s death, as she encouraged Verloc to spend time with Stevie. Winnie picks up a knife and, before Verloc realizes what has happened, Winnie “leisurely” stabs him (192). As Verloc bleeds to death, Winnie realizes what she has done and runs from the house.
Fleeing from the house, Winnie pauses to think. She is suddenly filled with terror, remembering news stories about women who have been executed for murder. She decides that she should “throw herself into the river off one of the bridges” (196). As she heads to a bridge, however, she begins to think about leaving the country. Since she has no connections in Europe, however, she does not believe that she will be able to support herself.
Feeling suddenly very lonely, Winnie happens to meet Ossipon. She begs for help. Ossipon, still sure that Verloc died in the bombing and believing that Winnie is grieving, is surprised with the speed with which he is able to win the affection of an attractive woman like Winnie, whom he has always loved from afar. She speaks about her desire to be free, hinting at her husband’s death without saying anything explicit. She speaks about her anger toward the “devil” (202), Verloc. Ossipon suspects nothing, still believing that Verloc died in Greenwich. Winnie affectionately calls him as Tom, which pleases him further. Ossipon promises to help Winnie escape to Europe. She can take a train and then a ship, he says, using the money Verloc withdrew from his bank account.
Winnie first wants to return to her house to turn the lights off and close the door to the shop. Once inside, however, Ossipon is shocked to see Verloc’s dead body. Nevertheless, he continues to help Winnie escape. A police constable passes by the house, but having checked the door, he moves on without going inside. Winnie and Ossipon leave the house, and Ossipon becomes increasingly fearful of Winnie’s intentions. With great secrecy, he tells her how they should buy tickets. They board the train and, as it pulls out of the station, he leaps onto the platform, leaving her to travel alone. He takes Verloc’s money with him. Newly rich, he returns to his apartment and falls asleep as dawn breaks.
Ossipon sits in the Professor’s “large, clean, respectable, and poor” apartment (221), talking about this situation. Michaelis is not aware that Verloc is dead, Ossipon says, as he is too afraid of the sensationalist nature of the media to read newspapers. The Professor explains why he feels “amicable contempt” for an ineffective man like Ossipon (223). He begins to rant about the world being filled with weak people, claiming that they should be exterminated to make way for strong people to rebuild everything.
Ossipon and the Professor board a bus. Ossipon thinks about a newspaper article that described Winnie Verloc’s possible suicide. An unnamed woman died by suicide onboard a ship sailing to Europe, whom Ossipon imagines to be Winnie. The article ends with a note about the “impenetrable mystery” surrounding her death (224). Ossipon repeats the sentence back to himself, to the point that he fears that he is having a mental health crisis. The Professor criticizes Verloc for being as “mediocre” as the rest of the world. Ossipon offers Verloc’s money to the Professor, who declines it. They parts ways. Each man disappears into the crowded streets of London, “like a pest in the street full of men” (227).
The Assistant Commissioner attends a party at the house of the wealthy woman who funds Michaelis. This party continues in apparent disregard for all the events described thus far in the novel. As people’s lives are changed by the bomb in Greenwich Park, the attendees at the party barely even notice. The wealthy host even jokes about this, drawing sarcastic attention to Vladimir’s descriptions of the threat posed by the anarchists. She, like her guests, simply does not feel threatened by the revolutionaries because they are at the top of the chain of Exploitation Due to Unequal Power Structures. As the Assistant Commissioner and Vladimir face off against one another, the lavish party continues. The men take their argument into the street and leave the aristocrats to party in the knowledge that their wealth and status insulate them from any actual change. Notably, both the Assistant Commissioner and Vladimir are guests at the party, rather than the hosts. They may be wealthy and influential in their own right, but they are not the members of the social elite. This reinforces the immutability of the power structures, since the point-of-view characters are not in the top echelon of society, and the wealthiest characters are out of reach from a narrative perspective.
During their confrontation, the Assistant Commissioner describes his plan to dismantle Vladimir’s spy network. He will not do this through police action, he says, but by damaging the reputation of anyone involved. He will make people unemployable, suggesting that he will wage a propaganda war rather than a legal one. The Assistant Commissioner seeks to win his fight against Vladimir in the court of public opinion, rather than the actual court. This underscores the political dynamics of the text, in which few people actually carry out activism but instead fight over how to sway the elusive public.
Following the confrontation between Vladimir and the Assistant Commissioner, the true climax of the novel is the confrontation between Winnie and Verloc. The former is an ideological battle for supremacy, while the latter demonstrates why The Secret Agent is more about the domestic than the political sphere. When she learns of Verloc’s role in Stevie’s death, Winnie comes to a liberating realization: she is a free woman. She no longer feels compelled to stay in her marriage to support her family, so she no longer needs to feign affection for Verloc. The irony of this is that the bomb attack was intended to radicalize a society against the anarchists, but it has, in actual fact, radicalized Winnie against her husband due to his casual disregard for her brother’s life and his inability to empathize with her. This highlights The Rarity of Sincere Radicalism, since Winnie is the only character in the novel who acts violently out of sincere belief; in this case, in her love for her brother. However, Verloc never truly saw Stevie as a person, so he cannot entertain the idea that Winnie may have genuine affection for her brother.
Conrad explores the patriarchal power structures that underpin Winnie’s radicalization. When Winnie takes a knife to Verloc, she comes to a terrible realization: The murder has not improved her position. She is caught in a vulnerable position, especially as she fears that she may be executed for murder. While she may have been morally vindicated in her act, she does not know whether the courts will understand. She remains beholden to the power structures of society which seek to disenfranchise and marginalize working-class women. Through a stroke of luck, she runs into Ossipon and immediately she launches into the only solution she knows to work: She offers up her affection, suggesting a transactional relationship that mirrors her marriage to Verloc. In exchange for her affection, she will receive support. Unfortunately for Winnie, she does not understand Ossipon’s greed nor his selfishness, so he takes her money and abandons her. Winnie’s probable death is a damning indictment of a society which has abdicated any responsibility for her wellbeing.
By taking Verloc’s money, Ossipon gets exactly what he wants. Not only has his financial situation improved, but he also has the validation of Winnie offering her affection to him. Neither Winnie’s offer nor the stolen money provide Ossipon with any satisfaction, however. With Verloc’s money in his pocket, alongside the article describing the suicide, he is no longer able to maintain the delusion that he is a sincere revolutionary. In taking the money and abandoning Winnie, he has shown himself that he is only interested in himself. He has exposed the undeniable vapidity of his beliefs, which is why he does not counter the Professor’s scorn. Conrad contrasts Ossipon and Winnie to reinforce The Rarity of Sincere Radicalism.
By Joseph Conrad