37 pages • 1 hour read
Mark MansonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
This chapter includes five subchapters: “Architects of Our Own Beliefs,” “The Dangers of Pure Certainty,” “Manson’s Law of Avoidance,” “Kill Yourself,” and “How to Be a Little Less Certain of Yourself.” Manson opens by noting that what we consider conventional wisdom in modern times, such as the fact that California is part of the contiguous US and not an island, at one time wasn’t conventional at all. Manson highlights some of the ways that early beliefs in cartography, medicine, and other fields were later proven wrong. Some of the claims that Manson alludes to are wildly off the mark, but he uses them to further his point that everyone is wrong at some point and we should accept this as a fact of life. Learning from our mistakes is a habit that leads to growth—and in Manson’s view, we only inch toward getting things right in life. He doesn’t frame growth as a getting-it-right-or-getting-it-wrong binary; instead, he sees growth as getting it less wrong. In addition, Manson views the quest to be right about everything that happens in life as a potentially destructive pursuit.
Manson introduces another anecdote, this one a description of a study in behavioral psychology. The researchers who conducted the experiment presented a kind of reward system to the participant in which they could earn points via flashing lights. The study began rather predictably, with the researchers providing directives to the participants; however, as it proceeded, the directives were stopped, and the participants were left to figure out on their own how to gain points. What the study reveals about human behavior, among other things, is the human tendency to try to make meaning where there is none—and the inherent skill of our brains to direct our behavior toward a potential reward. Manson uses this anecdote to point out that even though we have amazing brains, we’re still imperfect. The participants of the study were convinced that they somehow figured out the game, when in fact the whole thing was randomly conducted. The participants of the study therefore saw things the way they wanted to believe they saw them. To Manson, this is natural but also something we should be on guard against. Sometimes we’re wrong, and it’s healthy to both acknowledge and accept when it becomes clear that we are.
Manson concludes the chapter by offering ideas for challenging ourselves. The subtitle is “How to be Less Certain of Yourself,” and he poses a series of three questions designed to get us to become self-reflective: “What if I’m Wrong?,” What would it mean if I were wrong?,” and “Would being wrong create a better or worse problem than my current problem, both for myself and others?” (141-43). The questions are meant to direct us toward considering the simple premise that we don’t know everything but that it’s okay to admit it.
Manson begins this chapter by citing examples of how experts at one time were wrong about things that later became obvious facts. He notes that cartographers once thought California was an island, and doctors once believed that “slicing a person’s arm open […] could cure disease” (115). His purpose here is obvious in that he wants us to remember that even the experts are sometimes wrong, so holding ourselves to the standard of always being right is unreasonable. Manson includes himself in this latter group, as at one time in his life he thought he had life all figured out: “I thought happiness was a destiny and not a choice. I thought love was something that just happened, not something that you worked for” (115). In Manson’s view, believing oneself to never be wrong is a terrible strategy for living.
The insistence on being right all the time is a trait that develops over time and usually has some roots in the fear of being wrong and how others might perceive it. Manson continually emphasizes that seeking approval from others, even in a roundabout way like always wanting to be right, is a signal that one’s values are misplaced and is thus detrimental to one’s experiencing happiness. As Manson notes, being right about everything is impossible; each of us will inevitably be wrong sometimes. The more readily we accept this truth, the better off we’ll be. Otherwise, we’ll end up like the many who, “become so obsessed with being ‘right’ about their life that they never end up actually living it” (117).
Manson further elaborates this point when he discusses “the dangers of pure certainty” (123). After providing an anecdote of a woman who had a near-death experience, Manson notes that being fully certain of anything is a recipe for personal disaster. Because life is unpredictable and has few certainties, what ultimately happens to people who stubbornly insist on certainty is that they become tremendously insecure about themselves. Their confident belief in certainty therefore becomes a compensation. They project their assuredness because they’re terribly insecure underneath. Manson refers to this as the backwards law (a term he borrows from Alan Watts): “The more you try to be certain about something, the more uncertain and insecure you will feel” (134). Accepting that there are some things in life that one can’t be certain about isn’t a concession or a defeat. Instead, it’s an act of humility that recognizes one’s limitations, which in turn allows one to grow as an individual.
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