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74 pages 2 hours read

Anne Brontë

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1848

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Chapters 16-22Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 16 Summary: “The Warnings of Experience”

In a journal entry dated June 1, 1821, Helen writes from her Aunt and Uncle Maxwell’s country house, Staningley. Helen is distracted and in love. She describes a talk she had with her sensible aunt before they left on a visit to London. Helen is 18 years old, of good family, has money, and is beautiful, and thus her aunt warns Helen to be very careful around suitors. She instructs Helen how to behave: “First study; then approve; then love” (150). Helen promises that she could only be attracted to a man of sense and principle.

In London, Helen is bored by the attentions of the tedious Mr. Boarham and repulsed by Mr. Wilmot, who is rich but old. She meets a young man at a ball, the son of her uncle’s friend, who rescues her from Mr. Boarham’s attentions and then calls on her uncle in the following days. He is described as “wildish” (153), but Helen enjoys her time with this Mr. Huntingdon. Mr. Boarham, with Aunt Maxwell’s blessing, proposes marriage and Helen declines, growing firmer in her refusal when Boarham protests that she does not know her own mind.

Chapter 17 Summary: “Further Warnings”

Helen attends a dinner at Mr. Wilmot’s, where there are two other young ladies present: Annabella Wilmot, Mr. Wilmot’s niece, described as very dashing, and Millicent Hargrave, of whom Helen is fond. Mr. Huntingdon attends, and Helen is piqued by his attentions to Annabella. She basks in his attention when it turns to her, noting that his cleverness seems enhanced by his wit and charm. Luring her away from a discussion of Millicent’s drawings and the drunken advances of Mr. Wilmot, Huntingdon tells Helen that she is a sweet angel and he adores her.

Her aunt interrupts this discussion. When they are home, she informs Helen that Arthur Huntingdon is a “merry, thoughtless profligate” (165), not at all a man of sense or principle. There are rumors he had an affair with a married lady, but Helen refuses to hear slanders against him. She insists she could work toward his salvation and save him from companions who might be leading him into vice and other reckless behavior, declaring, “I should think my life well spent in the effort to preserve so noble a nature from destruction” (166). Helen’s aunt persuades Helen’s uncle to return to the country, hoping Helen will forget Mr. Huntingdon.

Chapter 18 Summary: “The Miniature”

In an entry for August 25, Helen has considered her aunt’s advice, her feelings have not lessened, and she still believes she could deliver Huntingdon from “the baneful influence of corrupting and wicked companions” (168). Helen is excited when her uncle throws a house party and invites Mr. Wilmot, Mr. Boarham, Mr. Huntingdon, and Lord Lowborough. Mr. Wilmot will bring Annabella and Millicent Hargrave.

Helen eagerly awaits Huntingdon’s arrival but, the first evening, is embarrassed when he looks through her sketches and sees one she made of him. Huntingdon flirts with Annabella to make Helen jealous. He admires a painting Helen is making of a young girl in a sunny forest glade, but when he finds a miniature portrait of himself in her portfolio, Helen rips it up and throws it into the fire. She dislikes having her feelings exposed, though she attributes his teasing to “his joyous, playful spirit” (178). Helen fears she has turned Huntingdon away from her and bitterly reflects that Annabella does not love Huntingdon as she does, because she intends to marry Lord Lowborough for his title, rank, and estate.

Chapter 19 Summary: “An Incident”

After dinner, Huntingdon hangs over Annabella at the piano, and Helen goes to the library to hide her tears. Huntingdon follows and tells Helen he does not care for Annabella; he says she is “like a flaunting peony compared with a sweet, wild rosebud gemmed with dew” (184). Helen confesses that she loves him, but when Huntingdon sweeps her into his arms, her aunt opens the door and catches them. Huntingdon insists he was proposing marriage. Her aunt sends Helen to her room and says they will talk in the morning.

This chapter ends the first volume of the 1848 edition by Newby.

Chapter 20 Summary: “Persistence”

September 1821. When Helen tells Huntingdon that her aunt will object to their marriage, he laughs and says he will be on his best behavior and that he will even go to church. Helen tries to persuade her aunt that she will be able to help Huntingdon become his best self and let his genuine goodness shine. She insists his only vice is thoughtlessness. When her uncle asks if she wishes to accept Huntingdon, Helen says she does, unreservedly. The only details left are to write for permission from her father, who is still living, and set the wedding date.

Chapter 21 Summary: “Opinions”

Millicent is surprised that Helen has accepted Huntingdon; she thinks him bold and reckless, although handsome, and there is nothing noble or lofty about him. What Millicent thinks is redness of face, Helen says is a pleasant glow. Annabella says she wishes she could combine Huntingdon’s handsome face, good temper, wit, mirth, and charm with Lowborough’s pedigree. Huntingdon’s friends Grimsby, Hattersley, and Walter Hargrave complain that he will break up their fun by marrying, and Hattersley threatens to marry the first woman he can find. Helen is simply overjoyed that he will become “her Arthur.”

Chapter 22 Summary: “Traits of Friendship”

October. Helen writes in her journal that she cannot shut her eyes to Arthur’s faults. She is troubled to find that his heart is “less warm and generous than [she] thought” (200). Arthur tells Helen that Annabella is leading Lowborough on, only pretending not to care about his title. He describes how Lowborough spent his fortune gambling, unable to stop himself from playing even when he lost. Then he turned to drink as solace until, one riotous night at their club, he vowed he would give that up, too. After that, he turned to laudanum. Arthur scoffs that Lowborough never could do anything in moderation, but he assures Helen that he himself will never have an addiction; he likes his own comfort too much.

While Lowborough struggled to overcome his addictive behaviors, Arthur teased him about becoming sober and boring. Helen disapproves of this treatment and thinks he should tell his friend that Annabella does not care about him. Arthur insists his friend “will be just as happy in the illusion as if it were reality” (212). When they return from their ride, Annabella reports that Lowborough has offered marriage and says she hopes Helen will be happy with her choice of Huntingdon. After the house party is over Arthur writes letters, but they are never serious. Helen wonders if she will be able to be her full self with him.

Chapters 16-22 Analysis

Some critics, such as George Moore, have identified it as a structural problem in the novel that Brontë conveys Helen’s story through her journals. This choice puts her developing relationship with Gilbert on hold while Helen narrates her first love affair. However, the device of the journal lends immediacy as well as irony and pathos in having Helen tell her story moment to moment, since the reader knows things will end badly and can see the warning signs that Helen does not, creating a situation of dramatic irony.

These chapters offer a critique of the courtship conventions of the upper-middle class, showing how the careful chaperoning of girls, while aimed to prevent their social ruination through sexual intimacy before marriage, also prevents them from knowing much about the character of the men they marry. Aunt Maxwell understands this and thus cautions Helen to evaluate her partners carefully before she allows herself to develop feelings for someone.

Though she insists she will choose a husband who is her equal in sense and principle, Helen rejects Mr. Boarham, who is full of moral advice but whom she finds boring and condescending. She longs to feel attraction to a potential suitor, and when she meets Arthur Huntingdon, who is handsome, witty, and charming, a powerful infatuation overcomes her resolutions and her aunt’s advice. Helen feels that her choice to marry for love is morally superior to the behavior of Annabella Wilmot, who is calculating to marry Lord Lowborough for his station but leading him to believe she chooses him for love. Annabella’s plotting shows that women needed to be strategic about their choice of partner, choosing the most beneficial situation possible since they could expect to be utterly dependent upon their husbands legally, financially, and, as Helen will find, emotionally as well. Likewise, as her Aunt Maxwell warns, men were strategic about whom they approached, and Helen, being young, attractive, and from a family with money, would be appealing to a great number of bachelors.

Helen’s youth and inexperience lead her to overlook or excuse what will turn out to be indications of Arthur’s character. He has a reputation for licentious behavior, but she refuses to heed this, thinking it virtuous not to listen to slander. Likewise, she does not realize how Arthur provokes her own feelings by flirting with Annabella Wilmot, using jealousy to intensify Helen’s wish to win him. His response to her paintings, where he does not observe her artistic ability but only looks for signs of her interest in him, demonstrates his vanity and selfishness. In attributing his thoughtlessness to a joyful spirit, Helen willfully overlooks the signs that Huntingdon does not show much concern for the feelings of others, an attribute she can no longer overlook when she learns of his callous behavior toward Lord Lowborough.

Through the story of Lowborough and Helen’s sympathy for his struggles, Brontë demonstrates that she perceives how the mechanism of addiction works—knowledge she might very well have gained from witnessing her brother Branwell’s struggles with alcohol and opium. At the time, opium was widely available in liquid form as laudanum, which was frequently prescribed as a sedative and for many other medicinal purposes. Millicent’s observation of Arthur’s red complexion is the first warning sign that Arthur may be immoderate in his alcohol consumption.

In the conventional Victorian belief, substance misuse or excessive gambling were signs of moral weakness, behaviors that could be mastered by stricter self-control. Arthur’s careless remark to Helen about liking his pleasures reflects his lack of understanding about dependency, rather echoing Reverend Millward’s attitude about the joys of moderate alcohol consumption. Frederick Lawrence at the time hinted that some people were incapable of being temperate or moderate, knowledge he presumably gained from Helen’s experience. While Lowborough will manage, through great struggle, to free himself from his addictive behaviors, Huntingdon will not be equal to the same challenge.

Though she sees these early indications, Helen subscribes to the era’s “angel of the house” model that praises a pure wife’s ability to influence her husband to moral and temperate behavior (See: Background). Helen’s Christian faith is strong, the source of her morals as well as her idealism. She believes herself capable of changing Huntingdon after their marriage, working toward Huntingdon’s salvation by leading him away from the temptations offered by his riotous friends and toward the more sober, simpler habits she enjoys.

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By Anne Brontë