51 pages • 1 hour read
Stacey LeeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of racist language, outdated language regarding slavery, attempted rape, murder, child abuse, suicidal ideation, and anti-gay bias.
It is nine at night and Samantha has just killed Ty Yorkshire with a scrubbing brush. The narrative flashes back to 12 hours earlier the same day in the year 1849. Samantha is unhappy that they have moved from New York City to a small town in Missouri. She and her father are the only Chinese people in St. Joe. She wants to be a classical musician and not help her father run the Whistle general store. Her father is a kind-hearted man and surprises his teenage daughter with special cakes that he has prepared as she sets out to give violin lessons. She returns late from the lessons to find that the store has burned down, killing her father and destroying all their valuable possessions, such as a picture of her deceased mother and her father’s immigration papers. It did not destroy her mother’s bracelet, which had been removed from the now-incinerated wooden safe.
Samantha stands outside the destroyed store in shock until her landlord, Yorkshire (the man she kills 12 hours later), offers her a room in the hotel that he owns. She has never been to the hotel before, as it exudes “bad energy.” She is eyed suspiciously by the front desk clerk, Miss Betsy, and helped into the bathtub by Annamae, an enslaved girl similar to her own age. Samantha thinks of dying by suicide in the bathtub.
Although young and uneducated, Annamae is intuitive and understands that Samantha is contemplating suicide. Left alone to bathe, Samantha is interrupted when the landlord bursts into the room and demands that she become a sex worker in his brothel. She thinks of jumping out the window to escape him but decides instead to hit him on the head with her scrubbing brush, the only weapon that she can reach. He loses his balance on the wet floor and smashes his head on the tub. Annamae returns to the bloody scene and helps Samantha lift the dead man onto the bed so that his blood does not leak into the room below and alert someone. When Annamae tells her that, at 15, Samantha is old enough to be hanged for the murder, Samantha decides that, instead of returning to New York, she will head to California and try to catch up with her father’s best friend, Mr. Trask, who left only a few weeks earlier.
The enslaved Annamae had plans of her own to head West to try to find her brother who had been sold to another enslaver. She was supposed to meet up with her “Moses train” that very evening and would already have been on her way to freedom if she had not been required to prepare Samantha’s bath. Realizing that they will stand out, as Samantha is Chinese and Annamae is African American, they decide that it will be safer to travel together disguised as boys: Sammy and Andy. They hide in the wagon provided by a man called Mr. Calloway and luckily are transported across the river on the last ferry out of town that night.
Samantha and Annamae are not safely away from St. Joe yet, as a racist deputy stops the wagon to question Calloway about two missing girls: one who is wanted for murder and the other who is escaping slavery. He insists on inspecting the wagon, but the girls manage to slip away and hide under a nearby weeping willow tree. Annamae tells Samantha that she has plans to meet her brother, Isaac, at a place called Harp Falls. She needed to leave St. Joe because the same brothel owner whom Samantha killed planned to force Annamae to become a sex worker. Annamae cuts Samantha’s hair and makes her look grubby so that she will pass more easily as a boy. Annamae’s and Samantha’s beliefs deviate: Annamae believes in Christianity, while Samantha also has Chinese cultural belief in fate.
The girls continue to work on their male disguises, trying to walk more like boys. The narrative discusses the three groups of people who are travelling West at this time in American history. The first is enslaved people like Annamae, liberating themselves from enslaving states like Missouri to the free territories of California and Oregon in the West. The second is Argonauts—temporary migrants who often plan on moving home once they have become rich. The third and most populous group is the pioneers or families moving West to take advantage of land grants from the federal government. Three older teenage boys appear at the end of the chapter, putting the girls’ safety in jeopardy.
The novel opens in medias res, which instantly sets the mood of action and adventure that will surround protagonist Samantha and her sidekick, Annamae, throughout the novel. Lee uses the tragic loss of Samantha’s father in the fire and the shocking accidental killing of her attacker to hook the reader from the first page. These events are major plot points because Samantha is left without a family and becomes a fugitive from the law. Both are motivating factors for her to flee St. Joe and try to find her father’s best friend, Mr. Trask. Later, Chapter 6 ends with a cliffhanger—the reader is left to wonder what the male teenagers will do—which builds suspense and continues to draw the reader into the dramatic events.
The theme of Negotiating Gender Roles in the 19th-Century American West is introduced in this section. Samantha and Annamae must dress like boys to protect themselves on their journey. Gender stereotypes abound in the novel, but the teenage girls take advantage of the performative aspects of gender (for example, by walking like boys) to protect their disguise. Lee also introduces positive aspects of their negotiation of gender roles, namely the power of female bonding that is immediately apparent in the relationship struck up between Samantha and Annamae. Indeed, Annamae feels immediate empathy for Samantha’s plight in Chapter 3, despite not knowing her yet.
Lee also explores the theme of Race and Racism in the Westward Expansion in this section by portraying the confluence between three major aspects of the sociohistorical context: the Gold Rush, western migration, and the Underground Railroad. Stereotypes about people who are minoritized for their race or ethnicity are prevalent throughout the novel, from ugly racial slurs to generalized attitudes or assumptions. From the very beginning of the novel, Samantha is presented as minoritized because she and her father are the only Chinese people in St. Joe, and Annamae is trying to achieve self-liberation from enslavement along with other African American people moving west on the Underground Railroad. In Chapter 4, they acknowledge that they will stand out while they travel. Lee hence emphasizes the additional burdens placed on Chinese and African American people on an already dangerous journey.
There are moments when Annamae functions as a foil character to Samantha. Annamae is strong and has many life skills, such as cooking and sewing, but lacks an education and speaks a variety of English at times that marks her lower socio-economic position in society. Samantha is not only a trained classical musician who teaches violin—a point that introduces the theme of The Role of Music in Identity—but is constantly making references to pieces of music, literature, and art. This demonstrates her cultural capital, through which Lee draws attention to Samantha and Annamae’s different pasts. However, Samantha is not as physically strong as Annamae and does not possess the more practical skills that her friend does. Religious beliefs are another place where the two young women differ: While Annamae exhibits a Christian faith, Samantha’s Christian beliefs are complicated by her Chinese cultural beliefs, such as the importance of fate, the concept of yuanfen (“fateful coincidence”) in relationships, and the role of Chinese astrology in understanding people’s behavior. Samantha’s embrace of her Chinese heritage, however, is part of her strength of character facing many physical and emotional hardships.