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Lesley Nneka ArimahA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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The god of ants (Ant) is angry because the goddess of rivers (River) divided a stream, and one of the new streams washed away a small anthill the god of ants liked. He approaches other gods and goddesses, such as love and vengeance, but they dismiss him, seeing the issue and the god himself as insignificant. For 500 years, Ant tries to get revenge—e.g., by adding dirt to slow the rivers. River just washes away his efforts and laughs, as she thinks these are just pranks.
After seeing one of his colonies’ queens stuck in the mud, Ant decides to send ants with pebbles to drop into her source river. It takes 1,000 years to alter the current, but River is too distracted by her new twins to notice. After all her well-wishers leave, River feels that her power has waned, so she leaves the twins in the care of her sister while she investigates the cause. She comes across the little dam, not knowing Ant created it, and sends a wave at it. The dam repels the wave back to River, pushing her over. Angered, River uses all her power to knock the wall over. This time she succeeds, but she ends up flooding half the world, which includes the largest of Ant’s colonies.
Enraged, Ant kidnaps River’s twin daughters. He hides one in a place he thinks she’ll never look and sends the other to a colony of army ants. When she discovers her twins are missing, River’s cry brings other gods to her. They don’t know who took the twins or where they are, but they feel that River set herself up for this situation by being so close to her half-divine sister. The other gods are preparing to punish her sister when a field spirit shows them evidence of Ant’s dam.
Unaware that the loss of the main colony has weakened his power to control ants, Ant returns to the army ant colony and sees that they have eaten the young goddess. He compacts her bones and his memory of where her sister is into a small blue stone and goes to live with humans. Learning of this from the army ants, River searches for hundreds of years and neglects the rivers of the world. The other gods send minor spirits to help her, but her sorrow infects them. For 100 years, these spirits unleash floods, earthquakes, torrential rain, and fires upon the world. They develop a network of spies to hunt down Ant’s whereabouts, torturing and killing people for scraps of information.
After 700 years, River believes she will never see her twins again. She stops where she is, along with her followers, and they all become part of the land. The only one who doesn’t cease searching is her sister, who is motivated by guilt. She becomes known as She Who Betrayed River, which is eventually shortened to Bereaver.
Knowing Bereaver will never give up, Ant decides to give up his godhood by putting his entire identity into the blue stone. He keeps only immortality for himself. However, he has difficulty figuring out what to do with the stone. He tries burying it, giving it to a boy, and staying with it in a cave. Bored of the cave, he goes out and sees a girl hauling water. He asks if she can keep a secret and hands her the stone, which sinks into her hand. She carries the secret, passing it down to another girl, who passes it along, forever keeping the secret. Bereaver keeps searching, and River keeps dreaming of her children. She hears the remaining twin when the girl cries from the volcano where Ant hid her.
“What is a Volcano?” has the hallmarks of a fable: A story that explains how something came to be and that may impart a lesson along the way. Through the battle between the god of ants and the goddess of rivers, issues of power and revenge play out, developing the theme of How Privilege and Suffering Shape Perception. What to River is a “fun diversion” equals centuries of contempt and loathing on Ant’s part, and their divergent attitudes stem from their positions in life. To River, the ants are small, insignificant entities; it does not even occur to her that Ant might feel strongly about them. This in turn is what most enrages Ant: “[S]omeone should have known that you do not take small things from small men” (202). This first moral is about relative value and pettiness. To Ant, the anthill is not insignificant at all; it is part of his kingdom. Nevertheless, there is some suggestion that he is “small” not only in status but in character. The anthill was just a small colony, but he wages war over it. Those small in political or social stature, the story suggests, can be dangerous in their attempts to get recognition and validation.
The second lesson is that the “problem with those who don’t know real power is that they do not know real power” (204). It amuses Ant and makes him feel powerful when River gets knocked back by the wave that she sends to wash away Ant’s incomplete dam. Her response, however, quickly shows who has the upper hand: It “flood[s] half the world” (204), including the largest ant colony. Ant’s fury provokes him to kidnap River’s twin daughters, resulting in even more cataclysmic events.
The motif of sisters appears twice in this story. River’s twin daughters are largely a vehicle for the action around them. One dies quickly in the care of the army ants, and the other is never found. What is more important is how their kidnapping affects the older two sisters. River is dangerous in her rage and grief but eventually gives up and collapses in sorrow. Her sister, however, “[feels] the rage of River, multiplied by that most powerful feeling that won’t let a person rest: guilt” (209). Blaming herself for the children disappearing while under her watch, Bereaver scours the world, leaving a trail of death behind her. This difference in the sisters’ reactions indicates that hopelessness can bring a quiet denouement to one’s life, but guilt keeps burning. It becomes central to Bereaver’s identity, and the danger of this constitutes the story’s third lesson.
Ant escapes Bereaver’s notice by putting the memories of his misdeeds and his godhood into a blue stone. Only a girl who obeys can take the stone from him and keep his secrets, which she passes down to other girls who obey. This suggests that the meek, oppressed, and obedient may hold the guilty secrets of more powerful beings—perhaps because they have been victimized by them.